The Fall of the Roman Republic

The Seven Kings of Rome

Period: 753 BCE to 510 BCE

• Some good, some bad
• Are eventually thrown out of Rome and Republic is established

Romulus

750 BCE

• Son of Rhea Silvia
  • Descended from Aeneas the son of Venus
  • Was a Vestal Virgin who was raped by Mars
• Twin brother named Remus
  • Kills Remus
• Romulus becomes the first King of Rome
• Combines Rome with the Horatii
  • Invites the Horatii over for a party and kidnaps the Sabine women
  • When Horatii come to get their women back, Romulus convinces them to join Rome, avoids warfare
• Establishes the Senate
• The Patrician and Plebeian classes form

Numa Pompilius

717 BCE

Tullus Hostilius

673 BCE

Ancus Marcius

642 BCE

Lucius Tarquinius Priscus

616 BCE

Servius Tullius

578 BCE

Lucius Tarquinius Superbus

535 BCE

Roman Republic is established

510 BCE

C. Marius

Period: 157 BCE to 86 BCE

• Consul (107, 104, 103, 102, 101, 100, and 86 BC)
• Novus Homo

L. Cornelius Sulla

Period: 138 BCE to 78 BCE

• Consul (88 and 80 BC); Dictator (82-81 BC).
• Political reforms as dictator
  • Tribunes and other stuff
  • Some is repealed after he dies, some stays
• First to use conscriptions

M. Licinius Crassus

Period: 115 BCE to 53 BCE

Consul 70 and 55 BC)
- Extremely wealthy
- Becomes one of the most influential political figures
* Spartacus
- Part of the first Triumvirate
- Dies during warfare
* Balance of Triumvirate is off, Caesar and Pompeii start to clash

Cn. Pompeius Magnus

Period: 106 BCE to 48 BCE

Consul (70, 55, and 52 BC)
- Famous Roman general
- Becomes one of the most influential political figures
- Triumvirate
- Marries Caesar's daughter, Julia
* Julia dies while Caesar is in Gaul
* Last connection between P&C
- Is lured to the Optimates
- Fights Caesar at the battle of Pharsalus (48 BC)
* Loses
- Is killed by little kid Ptolemy, Cleopatra's lil bro (48 BC)
* Caesar is very upset

M. Tullius Cicero

Period: 106 BCE to 43 BCE

Consul (63 BC)
- Famous orator
- Optimates
- Novus Homo

C. Julius Caesar

Period: 100 BCE to 44 BCE

Consul (59, 48, 46, 44 BC); Dictator (49, 48-44 BC); Pontifex Maximus (63-44 BC); Tribune (49 BC)
- Famous General and Very Good Orator
- Populares
- Triumvirate

M. Aemilius Lepidus

Period: 89 BCE to 12 BCE

Consul (46, 44 BC); Pontifex Maximus (43-12 BC)
- Part of Second Triumvirate
- Extremely wealthy
- Least influential member of 2nd triumvirate
- Unhappy with power, tries to take over Sicily
* Octavian defeats him and takes away his power in North Africa

M. Antonius (Mark Antony)

Period: 83 BCE to 30 BCE

Consul (44 and 34 BC); Tribune (49 BC)

Cleopatra VII

Period: 69 BCE to 30 BCE

• Queen of Egypt
• Mark Antony's lover

C. Octavius - Julius Caesar Octavianus - Augustus

Period: 63 BCE to 14

Consul (43, 33, 31-23 BC); proconsular imperium (27 BC-life); Tribune (27 BC-life); Pontifex Maximus (12 BC-life); pater patriae [father of the country] (2 BC-life); Pantheon of Gods (14 AD)
- 19 years old at Caesars death
- Defeats Antony at the Battle of Mutina
- Second Triumvirate
- Defeats conspirators at Philippi
* Avenges Caesar
- Civil War with Mark Antony
* Defeats Antony at Actium
- Becomes first Emperor of Rome

V. Vispanius Agripa

Period: 63 BCE to 12 BCE

Consul (37, 27, 20)
- Augustus's right hand man
- Great military tactician

The First Triumvirate

Period: 59 BCE to 53 BCE

• Secret political alliance between Crassus, Pompeii, and Caesar
• Controls Rome for period of time
• Falls apart when Crassus dies

The Battle of Pharsalus

48 BCE

• Battle between Pompeii and Caesar in Northern Greece
• Optimates vs. Populares
• Caesar wins, Pompeii is killed in Egypt in the same year
• Caesar is uncontested in Roman politics

Caesar is assassinated in the Senate

44 BCE

• Fears over Caesar becoming King
• Most prominent members of Conspirators are Brutus and Crassus
• Adopts C. Octavius in his will

Cicero's Philippics

44 BCE

• Series of speeches Cicero gave attacking Antony
• Sides with Octavian
• One of the reasons the senate sided with Octavian

The Battle of Mutina

43 BCE

• Octavian defeats Antony in bloody clash
  • Octavian had backing of the senate, granted imperium
• Both consuls die in battle
• Octavian returns to Rome and demands to be made consul
  • Senate says no (he's about 30 years too young)

The Second Triumvirate

Period: 43 BCE to 33 BCE

• Octavian, Antony, and Lepidus
• After senate denies him consulship, Octavian finds Antony and makes alliance
• Controls Rome for 10 years
• Split Roman territories into 3 parts
  • Octavian = Italy/Europe
  • Antony = Egypt/East *Lepidus = North Africa

The Battle of Philippi

42 BCE

• Second Triumvirate vs. Caesar's conspirators
  • (Octavian, Antony, Lepidus) vs. (Crassus, Brutus)
• ST is victorious

Antony marries Octavia

40 BCE

• Political marriage
• Antony in love with Cleopatra, not shy about it

Treaty of Brundisium

40 BCE

• Solidified second triumvirate
• Split governance into 3 parts

The Battle of Actium

31 BCE

• Octavian vs. Antony in Turkey
• Naval battle
• Octavian wins
  • Solidifies power in Rome

Marriage Laws put in place by Augustus

18 BCE

• Lex Iulia de maritandis ordinibus = Marriage law
  • rewards married, parents/ punishes unmarried, childless.
• Lex Iulia de adulteriis coercendis = Adultery law *establishes adultery as a criminal offense.
• Widely disliked by everybody because they were so harsh

The Secular Games ushers in new 'Golden Era of Augustus'

17 BCE

• Games held every 100 years
• Augustus uses them as propaganda for his rule
• Praises Apollo & Diana
  • Children of Leto