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In 1598, Spanish conquistador Juan de Oñate and his soldiers reached the Rio Grande. De Oñate claimed all the land around the river for Spain, leading to 200 years of Spanish rule. -
In the 1790s, some Christians reexamined their religious practices. Many began to believe they should have a direct and emotional relationship with God. This movement is called the Second Great Awakening. -
In the 1820s, workers began to organize labor unions, or groups that advocate for workers rights and protections. Together, unionized workers had a much more powerful voice in demanding better pay and safer environments to work in.
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1821 was the year that Mexico won its independence from Spain. Under Spanish rule, trade with the United States had been heavily restricted. Mexico was eager to support individual land ownership and trade with the United States. -
To address the lack of education for girls and women, a number of women established schools for them, including Emma Willard, who founded the Troy Female Seminary in 1821, and Mary Lyon, who founded Mount Holyoke Female Seminary in 1837. -
The Tariff of 1828, as the bill was called, was a win-win for the federal government and the Northeast. Tariffs were the government’s main source of revenue, or income, and the higher fees helped protect northeastern industries. -
The pressure came to a head in 1828, when Americans discovered gold on Cherokee lands in Georgia. Now both settlers and miners were eager to grab the land. That’s when southern states passed laws allowing them to take over Native American lands. -
The Trail of Tears was part of a series of forced displacements of Native Americans between 1830 and 1850 by the United States government known as the Indian removal. -
A movement to end slavery. In Western Europe and America, Abolitionism was a historic movement that sought to end the Atlantic slave trade and liberate the enslaved people. -
In 1834, senators Clay and Webster had formed a new political party, which they called the Whig Party after a British political group that had criticized the monarchy. -
The Seminole were among the Native Americans who refused to leave their homes. They lived near the Everglades, a large wetlands region in southern Florida. After the Seminole rejected a removal treaty, President Jackson and the federal government declared war on them in 1835. -
In July 1845, Polk sent American troops to secure the area between the Rio Grande and the Nueces River. Polk also sent John Slidell, a diplomat, or person sent to represent a country, to Mexico City with an offer. Texas would extend to the Rio Grande, and the United States would buy California for $25 million. The Mexican government refused to negotiate. -
In 1846 the U.S Senate voted 40 to 2 to go to war with Mexico. President James K. Polk had accused Mexican troops of having attacked Americans on U.S. soil, north of the Rio Grande. But Mexico claimed this land as its own territory and accused the American military of having invaded. -
The Mexican-American war ended in 1848 but the victory over Mexico aggravated an already looming problem. The addition of so much land only worsened conflicts over slavery. The new territories were not part of the Missouri Compromise. -
The Seneca Falls Convention was the first women's rights convention in the United States. Held in July 1848 in Seneca Falls, New York, the meeting launched the women's suffrage movement vote.
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