-
White Primary Abolished
Info: http://tinyurl.com/743yzwy
Pic: http://tinyurl.com/83skpzs
The White Primary in Georgia kept blacks from voting by excluding them from the primary. Since there was only one political party in Georgia, whoever won the primary election was elected. In 1946, this changed with the King vs. Chapman case. Primus King was a black man who was turned away when he attempted to vote in the Georgia primary. His case went to the Supreme Court, where the Court ruled the situation unconstitutional. -
Period: to
The Civil Rights Movement
-
Integration of the Armed Forces
Info: http://tinyurl.com/nxt8l
Pic: http://tinyurl.com/8ycdhhu
President Truman signed Executive Order 9981, ending discrimination and segregation in the armed forces on July 28, 1948. First, many African-Americans were being killed by mobs of whites. Second, different races in the armed forces were given different missions based on their race. -
Brown vs. Education
Info: http://tinyurl.com/2km2e
Pic: http://tinyurl.com/8ybusso
The benefit of the Brown vs. Board of Education case had a major outcome, the end of segregation in public schools. Oliver Brown's daughter had to walk a mile to the colored school when the white school was only blocks away. He, along with other parents, battled against the Board of Education to segregate schools. Eventually, Brown won and schools were to be segregated, though no specific time was specified. -
Rosa Parks
On December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat when asked to by a white person, and she was arrested. Martin Luther King Jr., along with others, decided to boycott the buses. On December 5, most African Americans refused to ride the buses. They walked, carpooled, and some even rode mules. Many whites were not happy about this. Many blacks were terrorized, harassed, and arrested. -
Rosa Parks (cont)
Info: http://tinyurl.com/y6ho4w
Pic: http://tinyurl.com/6u56577
In the end, the boycott turned out to be a success when the Supreme Court ended the boycott and determined Alabama’s “rules” to be illegal. On December 20 of the next year, Alabama buses were forced to end their segregation. -
Change to Georgia's state flag
Info: http://tinyurl.com/8yqpasx
Pic: http://tinyurl.com/6whtovn
Around 1955, people began pushing to incorporate the old Confederate flag to the current flag of Georgia. Many said that the reason for the change was to honor soldiers who had fought in the Civil war. However, some others believed that it was a way for Georgia to show its stand against integration.
The flag was changed in 1956, and was very controversial. -
Crisis Central High School (cont)
Info: http://tinyurl.com/6q47g6y
Pic: http://tinyurl.com/7ppk33f
The black students were led into the school, and when the protestors learned of the students entering the school, they were mad. Because of the protestors, students were led out by noon. Eventually, the federal troops were called in. They led the Little Rock Nine in through the front door. Protests did not stop; in fact, many black reporters covering the scene were harassed and beaten. The whole country watched this event. -
Crisis at Central High School
In September of 1957, nine black students – the “Little Rock Nine” - enrolled in Central High School. On September 2, the National Guard was called to prevent black students from entering.. On, September 4, the Little Rock Nine attempted to enter, yet were denied. An injunction was granted to lawyers, allowing them to force the National Guard out of Central High. The Guard was replaced with police officers, who surrounded the school along with about 1,000 white protestors. -
Hebrew Benevolent Congregation
Info: http://tinyurl.com/7vzkzt7
Pic: http://tinyurl.com/7jazw93
On October 12, 1958, the Hebrew Benevolent Congregation in Atlanta was bombed. No one was injured or killed, but many areas of the structure were damaged. The reason for this bombing was simple: the rabbi, Jacob Rothschild, was an active civil rights supporter and he insisted upon racial integration. The bomber called himself “General Gordon of the Confederate Underground”. -
Sibley Commission
Info: http://tinyurl.com/877ld46
Pic: http://tinyurl.com/7sb8trk
Georgia was set against integrating schools. Because of this, the Sibley Commission, led by John Sibley, was formed. Its goal was to inspect the problems concerning integration. Most Georgians said they would rather see schools close than integrate. The commission decided that each school system should be able to choose whether they would integrate their schools. Many private schools were opened to prevent integration. -
Integration of the University of Georgia
Info: http://tinyurl.com/7wjpay4
Pic: http://tinyurl.com/7aftlm
A judge in Georgia ordered that Hamilton Holmes and Charlayne Hunter be admitted to UGA. This began a crisis for the state due to its earlier statement that any school that admitted black students wouldn't receive state funding. Everything was fine on the campus until a mob showed up at one of the student’s doors, causing property damage. This resulted in the law that kept the state from funding integrated schools being repealed. -
Freedom Rides
The freedom rides were an attempt to test the ruling of the Boynton vs. Virginia case, which stated segregation of public transportation to be unconstitutional. The first freedom ride set off on May 4, 1961, when six whites and seven blacks got on two buses headed south from Washington D.C. At first, they did not encounter much violence, though there were many protests. However, this did not last. On the second week, the riders were beaten and one of their buses was burned. -
Freedom Rides (cont)
Info/Pic: http://tinyurl.com/7rbmz3
Similar events occured, but it was decided that stopping the rides would signal defeat, so they continued on. They continued without mishaps, but when they arrived in Montgomery, they were beaten by a mob of 1,000 whites. They still perservered, and eventually the protest spread to airports and train stations. In Novmeber, rules were issued that prohibited the segregation of transportation facilities. -
The Albany Movement
Info: http://tinyurl.com/7pu6cqo
Pic: http://tinyurl.com/874cshm
The Albany movement spawned out of the decision that made segregation in train stations and buses illegal. The Albany Movement consisted of Freedom riders sitting in the white only section, which led to their arrests. The movement lasted several months, but the result was not immediate integration. However, a committee of mixed races formed to study the problems of African Americans in Albany. -
Birmingham Alabama Protests (cont)
Info: http://tinyurl.com/83c5vkj
Pic: http://tinyurl.com/7cxm9mq
However, these events in Birmingham helped to bring national attention to the problem and also led to the Civil Rights act of 1964. -
Birmingham, Alabama Protests
There had been many protests in Birmingham concerning the city's rigid segregation laws. However, on April 7th, dogs were set upon marching non-violent protestors. This gave the protests national attention, and Martin Luther King Jr. was arrested, where he wrote the famous “Letter from Birmingham Jail”. Protests continued, and fire hoses were used on protestors, which led to federal intervention. A negotiation was settled, but riots continued. -
March on Washington DC
Info: http://goo.gl/p82dC
Pic: http://goo.gl/nngQv
On August 28, more than 200,000 people gathered at the nation's capitol for the "March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom" protest. The march served its purpose: to pressure the government to start a strong civil rights bill. It also spawned the iconic "I Have a Dream" speech, said by Martin Luther King Jr. The specific purposes of the protest included integrating all public places and schools and securing a voting right. -
16th Street Baptist Church in Birmingham Bombed
Info: http://goo.gl/ISNWp
Pic: http://goo.gl/WQmQ9
The 16th Street Baptist Church was a popular meeting place for civil rights activists like Martin Luther King Jr. One morning, a white man was seen getting out of a car and placing a box under the front steps of the church. Shortly after, the bomb went off, killing 6 people. Robert Chambliss was seen by a witness, but he was found not guilty and was only charged with possession of dynamite. -
John F. Kennedy Assassinated
Info: http://goo.gl/tRFXe / http://goo.gl/Ibqge
Pic:http://goo.gl/CeubU
On November 22, John F Kennedy and his wife were riding in an open-top convertible for a political outing. JFK was shot by, supposedly, Lee Harvey Oswald from the sixth story window of the Texas School Book Depository Building. However, there are many other conspiracies about the subject that state that Oswald did not kill Kennedy. -
Civil Rights Act 1964 Passed
Info: http://tinyurl.com/7ojoaex
Pic: http://tinyurl.com/6vhhjrd
Even though President Kennedy had been assassinated, his plans for integration carried on. The act was signed by President Lyndon Johnson. The act prohibited segregation and discrimination, forced integration, and and prohibited employment discrimination based on race or sex, which was added later. This Act was the biggest in terms of Civil Rights that had been passed since the time of Reconstruction after the Civil War. -
Voting Rights Act of 1965
Info: http://tinyurl.com/7qumwwr
Pic: http://tinyurl.com/72kuyoe
The Voting Rights Act of 1965 prohibited the discriminatory practices concerning voting that many states had taken up. Signed by President Lyndon Johnson, many people saw it as an act that would enforce the 15th amendment.It ended things such as literacy tests, poll taxes, and harrassment that would occur if a black person were to attempt to vote. -
Summerhill Race Riot (ATL)
Info: http://tinyurl.com/7fvamsh
Pic: http://tinyurl.com/753erax
The Summerhill Race Riot was caused when a black man supposedly stole a car, and was shot by a white police man. The riot lasted from September 6th to the 11th. More than 100 people were arrested, among them Stokely Carmichael, the leader of the SNCC. He was arrested for supposedly starting the riot. -
Martin Luther King Jr. Assassinated
Info: http://tinyurl.com/dew5h9 / http://tinyurl.com/fr2w3
Pic: http://tinyurl.com/7sy7rj9
On April 4, 1968, Martin Luther King Jr. was assassinated by, alledgedly, James Earl Ray in Memphis, Tennessee. King was standing on the balcony of the Lorraine Motel. He was shot in his face and neck, and died shortly afterwards. His funeral was held in Atlanta, Georgia, and thousands of mourning individuals came in from across the nation. -
All Georgia Schools Integrated
Info: http://tinyurl.com/875xeez
Pic: http://tinyurl.com/7u9waxa
Although the integration of Georgia schools began with the Brown vs. Board of Education case, it was not until long after the ruling was decided that all of Georgia's schools became integrated. Even though integration was met with much violence, harrassment, and protests, slowly but surely the stuborness of Georgia subisded and integration prevailed.
