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Period: to
The Opium Wars
1839-42 and 1856-60: imperialist powers carved up China into spheres of influence beginning Century of Humiliation; Qing regime held responsible -
Taiping Rebellion
Taiping rule from 1850-1864 in Southeast China led by Hong Xiuquan causing resentment between Qing (Manchu) and Taiping. -
Capital of Nanjing Seized
Gained back to Qing (Manchu) after Hong Xiuquan's death in 1864 -
The Boxer Rebellion
1998-1900, Boxer Protocol treaty signed 1901 weakening Qing Dynasty -
Poor Socio-Economic Conditions
From 1900-1937:
- Rural & Urban Poverty
- Political Fragmentation -
WuChang Uprising (The Double Tenth Revolution)
Accidental bombing Oct. 11, causing Oct. 10 attacks on WuChang forts, Oct. 11 uprising in Hanyang, Oct. 12 mutiny of Hankou troops, Oct. 22 new army mutinied in Shaanxi and Hunan provinces Sun Yat-Sen wanted to overthrow Qing, and since 1904 there were radical cells (almost 10,000 members in summer of 1911) -
Founding of KMT
3 Principles (nationalism, democracy, people's livelihood), largely merchant class support, relied on warlord reliance as had little military power -
Abdication of Pu Yi
Caused collapse of central authority after Imperial Rule (Qing Dynasty) since 1644 -
Death of Yuan Shikai
Caused localism, landlords, and foreigners -
Period: to
Warlord Period
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May 4th Movement
1919-1925 anti-imperialist, cultural, and political movement -
Founding of CCP
Established in Shanghai; intellectuals, revolution and class warfare based on Marxist principles, state control of production, shared property, nationalism (no foreign influence) -
Death of Sun Yat Sen
Caused alliance to fall apart in 1927 and for Chiang Kai-Shek to take control of KMT -
Northern Expedition
CCP and KMT military campaign to defeat warlords and reunify China -
Shanghai Spring of 1927
The KMT and CCP fought against each other -
The Shanghai Massacre
At end of Northern Expedition, Chiang (KMT) expells CCP; 'Purification Movement' kills 250,000 communists, trade unionists, and peasant leaders; CCP almost eradicated by end of 1927 and so fled to Jiangxi mountains after Autumn Harvest Rising -
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Chinese Civil War (I)
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Period: to
Nanjing Decade (Nationalists in Government)
- Politics: central power, warlords weakened/allianced, foreign concessions reduced, Whampoa Military Academy
- Economy: railways/airlines/GDP up 9%, foreign-influenced culture change and westernization (New Life Movement in 1930s)
- Failures: illusory time, little state control, authoritarian rule and corruption, didn't help peasants; -> in occupation spread too thin, fought CCP more than Japan
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The Jiangxi Soviet
1928-1934: included Futien Incident of 1930 where the CCP executed 3,000 believed to have KMT or Li Lisan ties in Jiangxi Red Army- CCP had some soviet help, and could move around easily
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"3 Principles of the People" Manifesto
Principles of KMT:
- Nationalism
- Popular sovereignety
- People's livelihood -
Xi'an Incident
Chiang Kai-Shek kidnapped by own generals because Shek was fighting CCP more than Japan, released Dec. 25 resulting in second CCP-KMT United Front against Japanese (Agreement to Resist Japan and Save the Nation Sept. 1936) during which CCP rebuilt -
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Sino-Japanese War
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Period: to
Chinese Civil War (II)
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Bombing of Shanghai & Nanjing
Killing 259, KMT blocked Yangzi mouth -
Period: to
The People's Republic of China
- Consolidation of CCP authority (1949-57), anti-movements
- 1950-53 Korean War
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Treaty of Friendship, Alliance, and Mutual Assistance
Sino-Soviet agreement including Soviet spheres of influence in Manchuria and Xinjiang -
Rectification Campaign
1950-51: CCP held truth monopoly -
The Great Leap Forward
1958-62: industrialize China using Maoism -
The Cultural Revolution
1966-76: purge rivals to authority, red guars, censorship -
Death of Mao Zedong