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Middle East in the 20th century
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World War I
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Hussein-McMahon Correspondence
It is a protracted exchange of letters during World War I, between the Sharif of Mecca, Husayn bin Ali, and Sir Henry McMahon, British High Commissioner in Egypt, about the future of Arab lands under the Ottoman Empire. Britain pledges support for Arab independence from Ottoman Empire. -
Sykes–Picot Agreement
The Sykes–Picot Agreement was a secret agreement between the governments of the United Kingdom and France. The terms were negotiated by the French diplomat François Georges-Picot and British Sir Mark Sykes. This agreement divides the Ottoman Arab lands into zones exercised by either French or British spheres of influence. -
Arab Revolt
The Arab Revolt was to secure independence from the ruling Ottoman Turks and creating a single unified Arab state spanning from Aleppo in Syria to Aden in Yemen under the command of TE.Lawrence and Hussien of Mecca. -
Balfour Decleration
It is a letter from the United Kingdom's Foreign Secretary Arthur James Balfour. This letter supports the establishment of a Jewish national state in Palestine but says that Jews are not to discriminate against non-Jewish communities in Palestine. -
Treaty of Versailles
Under this treaty the Arab lands were divided under British and French Mandates. Also the Ottoman Empire was divided by European Nations. -
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World War II
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Establishment of a Jewish State
Israel came into existence on 14 May 1948 as the homeland for the Jewish people. However, this new Jewish state was the cause of some conflict in the Middle east and the reason of many wars that occurred in the region. -
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Gamal Abdel Nasser reign
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Suez Canal Crisis
This war was between Egypt on one side, and Britain, France and Israel on the other, with the United States, the Soviet Union and the United Nations playing major roles in forcing Britain, France and Israel to withdraw. That is because the Soviet Union was Egypt’s allies and threatened to interfere so the United States forced its allies to withdraw. -
Six-Day war
Gamal Adel-Nasser calls on Arab countries to launch an attack on Israel. Egypt, Syria and Jordan create a military alliance to defeat Israel but Israel attacked first and attacked all Air forces in the Arab countries in order to keep the fight on the ground. Within six days, Israel had won a decisive land war. Israeli forces had taken effective control of the Gaza Strip and the Sinai Peninsula from Egypt, the West Bank and East Jerusalem from Jordan, and the Golan Heights from Syria. -
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Anwar Sadat reign
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Yom Kippur War
The war began when Syria and Egypt launched a joint surprise attack on Israel on Yom Kippur (a holy day in Judaism), it also was the first day in Ramadan. Egyptian and Syrian forces crossed ceasefire lines of what had been taken since the 1967 Six-Day War (Sinai Peninsula and Golan Heights). -
Camp David
The Camp David Accords were agreements between the Israeli Prime Minister and the Egyptian President held in the U.S. They were witnessed by President Jimmy Carter. These agreements led to the Egypt-Israel Peace Treaty signing. This ended war between Israel and Egypt. -
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Saddam Hussein reign
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Iran–Iraq War
It is the longest war in the 20th century it lasted for 8 years. It impacted Iran and Iraq negatively as they had great losses. This war sparked due to oil rights. -
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Persian Gulf War
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Gulf War
Iraq invaded Kuwait because of the tension between them. Iraq had a $15 billion debt to Kuwait, and Kuwait oversell oil. Also it sparked because of oil drilling rights. Kuwait was taken in 3 hours as the US launced operation Desert storm. The US, along with the aid of 34 nations was victorious. April, 1991 the war is declared over and there is a ceasefire. While retreating from Kuwait Iraq set 700 oil wells on fire.
