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Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press, which started the Printing Revolution. A single Renaissance printing press could produce up to 3,600 pages per workday. Gutenberg's newly devised hand mould made possible the precise and rapid creation of metal movable type in large quantities.
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Leonardo Da Vinci was an artist and engineer who is best known for his paintings. His work as a scientist and an inventor make him a true Renaissance man.
Some qualities of Leonardo Da Vinci's works are the innovative techniques that he used in laying on the paint, his detailed knowledge of anatomy, his innovative use of the human form in figurative composition, and his use of sfumato.
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The fall of Constantinople was due to the capture of the capital of the Byzantine Empire by the Ottoman Empire. (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HnZASiUIe_M) -
The Catholic Kings were Isabel I of Castilla and Fernando II of Aragon. In 1474, Isabel acceded to the throne after the death of King Enrique IV of Castilla. In 1479, Fernando inherited the throne after the death of his father, King Juan II of Aragon. Isabel and Fernando reigned together until her death in 1504. Fernando was still king of Aragon, passing Castilla to his daughter Juana I "la Loca" and her husband Felipe of Austria "el Hermoso".
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Michael Angelo is one of the most famous Italian artists. He was a Renaissance sculptor, painter, architect, as well as a poet who has influenced past and present artists around the world.
He was also known as Michelangelo.
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Christopher Columbus made four trips to find a direct water route from Europe to Asia, but instead he discovered the country of America. (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MHlfzBNnhqI) -
The Treaty of Tordesillas was an agreement between Portugal and Spain to divide up the world along an imaginary line in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean. This was due to the rivalry between the monarchies of Portugal and Spain, recently confronted during the Spanish Succession War, and the ambition of both empires to expand to the west over the lands discovered by Christopher Columbus.
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Juana I was daughter of the Catholic Kings. Juana inherited the throne of Castilla after the death of her mother, Isabel I of Castilla, and the throne of Aragon and Navarra from 1516 to her death in 1555. She was nicknamed "la Loca" because there were suspicions of her having mental illnesses.
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John Calvin was a French theologian and philosopher, regarded as one of the authors and managers of the Protestant Reformation. He was a principal figure in the development of the system of Christian theology, later called "Calvinism". John was an apologetic writer and a tireless polemicist who generated much controversy. He revised and published the Geneva Bible in 1564.
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Charles V was son of Juana I of Castilla and Felipe of Austria. He was King of Castilla and King of Aragon from 1516 to 1556 and Archduke of Austria from 1519 to 1521, both as Charles I. Charles V was Holy Roman Emperor, King in Italy and King in Germany from 1519 to 1556.
He was also known as "el César". -
The 95 theses was a list of propositions for an academic disputation written by Martin Luther, who was a professor of moral theology at the University of Wittenberg. In the theses, Martin claimed that the penitence required by Christ in order for sins to be forgiven involves inner spiritual penitence. He argued that indulgences led Christians to avoid true penitence and sorrow for sin, believing that they could renounce to it by obtaining an indulgence. -
The Act of Supremacy was written by Henry VIII. This act stated that the King was the Supreme Head of the Church in England, not the Pope. The act also required a pledge of loyalty from English subjects that recognized his marriage to Anne Boleyn. -
The Council of Trent was a Roman Catholic council where important members of the Catholic Church met to address challenges by Protestant Reformation.
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Felipe II of Spain was son of Carlos V and Isabel of Portugal. He was King of Naples and Sicily from 1554, he inherited his father's Spanish Empire from 1556 and he was King of Portugal, as Felipe I, from 1580 until his death in 1598. Felipe II was also King of England and Ireland from his marriage to the Queen Mary I in 1554, until her death in 1558.
He was nicknamed as "el Prudente". -
Felipe III of Spain was son of Felipe II of Spain and Anna of Austria. He was King of Spain. As his father, he was also King of Portugal, Sicily, Naples and Sardinia and Duke of Milan from 1598 until his death in 1621.
Felipe III was also known as "el Piadoso". -
Diego Velázquez was one of the greatest Baroque painters and was considered one of the best exponents of Spanish painting and a master of universal painting. He is especially famous for his portraits. His works often show strong modeling and sharp contrasts of light, similar to the dramatic lighting technique called Tenebrism.
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Felipe IV of Spain was son of Felipe III of Spain and Margaret of Austria. He was King of Spain from 1621 until his death in 1665 and, as his father, King of Portugal from 1621 to 1640.
He was nicknamed as "el Grande" or "el Rey Planeta". -
Carlos II of Spain was son of Felipe IV of Spain and Mariana of Austria. He was the last Habsburg ruler of the Spanish Empire, ruled it from 1665 to 1700. The Spanish Succession War followed his death.
He was also known as "el Hechizado". -
The Spanish Succession War was a war that occurred between 1701 and 1714. It was fought over who had the right to be king of Spain after the previous king, Carlos II, who died without descendants. Philip of Anjou, a relative of the king of France, and Carlos of Austria faced each other in this war. Philip ended up being the King of Spain.
All the sovereigns of Europe recognized Philip of Anjou as the King of Spain, except Emperor Leopold of Austria.(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lvkS3_TenSc) -
The French Revolution put an end to the feudal system, disband a kingdom and its monarchy, and establish civil laws and more just representation of all peoples under governance. It also served to unify and strengthen France as a country and a people.
(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IIDfZ-8o4jE&t=51s)