-
570
Arabia Before Muhammad - Mecca's Importance
Had a fresh water well
Location of the shrine, Kaaba
Diverse population with many religions
Center for trade and religion -
570
Arabia Before Muhammad - Quraysh
Arabian tribe - very powerful
Pushed other tribes to deposit idols (Guarded them for a fee) -
570
Arabia Before Muhammad - Early Arabs
Valued camels and swords
First inhabitants were the Bedouins
Were Semites (Bibical Tradition)
Were decendents of Abraham's son (Qur'anic Tradition)
Had no government
Practiced polytheism -
580
Muhammad's Call to Prophethood - Early Life
Born to Hashim family in Quraysh tribe
Angel told mother to name him Muhammad -
580
Muhammad's Call to Prophethood - Family
Raised by uncle - both parents died
Married Kadija and had 7 kids -
590
Life of Muhammad - Marriage
Worked for the widow Khadijah who he then married -
610
Life of Muhammad - Suspecting Wrong
People didn't share their wealth with poor
Tribes were constantly warring
Retreated to mountains
Was told by angel to teach Allah -
612
Life of Muhammad - Vision and Teachings
Began preaching his visions
Became a messenger or prophet of God
Taught - Allah was only God, rich must share with poor, pray 3x a day
Gained many followers -
617
Life of Muhammad - Discrimination
Leaders boycotted Muslims
Quraysh and merchants were unhappy
No one could give sell/give Muslims food
Went on for 2 years -
621
Life of Muhammad - 1st Islamic Community
Tribes from Yathrib came to Muhammad in Mecca
Were sick of fighting
Asked for wisdom and counseling to end fighting
Converted to Islam -
622
Life of Muhammad - Medina
Muhammad's home was a mosque
Everyone worshipped freely
Changed the direction faced during prayer toward Mecca
Maximum of 4 marriages (rule was flexible for circumstances) -
622
Life of Muhammad - Leaving Mecca
Were in danger in Mecca
Moved to Yathrib
Quraysh got mad and vowed revenge
1st group to break off
Pledged to protect each other
Became city of Medina -
622
Constitution of Medina
Made by Muhammad
WHAT IT SAID:
Jews and Christians had roles and responsibilities assigned
Freedom of religion in return for tax -
632
Life of Muhammad - Death and Impact
United most of the region
Islam kept spreading
Inspired a religion and way of life -
Period: 632 to 634
Abu Bakr
One of Muhammad's original followers and dearest friend
Other followers agreed he should lead
Reunited community
RIDDAH WARS:
Series of conflict between Muslims and Arabs
Tried to get tribes to rejoin Islam
CONQUERED AREAS:
Spain
Egypt
Arabia
Persia -
633
Arabia After Muhammad's Death
Unclear who would lead
Many of the converted tribes fell away
The feuds continued -
Period: 634 to 644
Caliph Umar
CONQUERED AREAS:
Byzantine territory
Mesopotamia
Syria
Iran
Egypt
ACCOMPLISHMENTS:
Layed foundations of Islam
Completed standardization of Quaran
Organized policies -
Period: 644 to 656
Caliph Uthman
CONQUERED AREAS:
Iran
North Africa
Caucuses
ACCOMPLISHMENTS:
Standardized Quaran -
Period: 656 to 661
Caliph Ali
TROUBLE:
He set off civil war
People weren't completely sure if he should be new caliph
FIRST FITNAH:
Civil war - fought to gain political leadership
656 - 651
Shiites vs. Sunnis -
Period: 661 to 750
Umayyad Dynasty
AREAS CONQUERED:
The Atlantic Ocean to China
Spain
North Africa
Central Asia
PROBLEMS:
Fell to rebel fighters -
Period: 750 to 1258
Abbasid Dynasty
AREAS CONQUERED:
Southern Europe
North Africa
Mediterranean
CAPITAL:
Baghdad -
Period: 1095 to 1291
The Crusades
Crusade - Christian campaigns against Muslims
9 in total
FIGHTING REGIONS:
Jerusalem, Palestine, Syria, Egypt, Anatolia
OUTCOMES:
Took over Byzantine Empire
Jews and Eastern Orthodox Christians were killed
Defeated by Muslims in 1291