-
Had a fresh water well
Location of the shrine, Kaaba
Diverse population with many religions
Center for trade and religion -
Arabian tribe - very powerful
Pushed other tribes to deposit idols (Guarded them for a fee) -
Valued camels and swords
First inhabitants were the Bedouins
Were Semites (Bibical Tradition)
Were decendents of Abraham's son (Qur'anic Tradition)
Had no government
Practiced polytheism -
Born to Hashim family in Quraysh tribe
Angel told mother to name him Muhammad -
Raised by uncle - both parents died
Married Kadija and had 7 kids -
Worked for the widow Khadijah who he then married
-
People didn't share their wealth with poor
Tribes were constantly warring
Retreated to mountains
Was told by angel to teach Allah -
Began preaching his visions
Became a messenger or prophet of God
Taught - Allah was only God, rich must share with poor, pray 3x a day
Gained many followers -
Leaders boycotted Muslims
Quraysh and merchants were unhappy
No one could give sell/give Muslims food
Went on for 2 years -
Tribes from Yathrib came to Muhammad in Mecca
Were sick of fighting
Asked for wisdom and counseling to end fighting
Converted to Islam -
Muhammad's home was a mosque
Everyone worshipped freely
Changed the direction faced during prayer toward Mecca
Maximum of 4 marriages (rule was flexible for circumstances) -
Were in danger in Mecca
Moved to Yathrib
Quraysh got mad and vowed revenge
1st group to break off
Pledged to protect each other
Became city of Medina -
Made by Muhammad
WHAT IT SAID:
Jews and Christians had roles and responsibilities assigned
Freedom of religion in return for tax -
United most of the region
Islam kept spreading
Inspired a religion and way of life -
One of Muhammad's original followers and dearest friend
Other followers agreed he should lead
Reunited community
RIDDAH WARS:
Series of conflict between Muslims and Arabs
Tried to get tribes to rejoin Islam
CONQUERED AREAS:
Spain
Egypt
Arabia
Persia -
Unclear who would lead
Many of the converted tribes fell away
The feuds continued -
CONQUERED AREAS:
Byzantine territory
Mesopotamia
Syria
Iran
Egypt
ACCOMPLISHMENTS:
Layed foundations of Islam
Completed standardization of Quaran
Organized policies -
CONQUERED AREAS:
Iran
North Africa
Caucuses
ACCOMPLISHMENTS:
Standardized Quaran -
TROUBLE:
He set off civil war
People weren't completely sure if he should be new caliph
FIRST FITNAH:
Civil war - fought to gain political leadership
656 - 651
Shiites vs. Sunnis -
AREAS CONQUERED:
The Atlantic Ocean to China
Spain
North Africa
Central Asia
PROBLEMS:
Fell to rebel fighters -
AREAS CONQUERED:
Southern Europe
North Africa
Mediterranean
CAPITAL:
Baghdad -
Crusade - Christian campaigns against Muslims
9 in total
FIGHTING REGIONS:
Jerusalem, Palestine, Syria, Egypt, Anatolia
OUTCOMES:
Took over Byzantine Empire
Jews and Eastern Orthodox Christians were killed
Defeated by Muslims in 1291