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Astana was founded in 1824 as a Russian fortress.
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Turkmanchay treaty between Russia, Persia divides Azerbaijan. Azerbaijan becomes part of Russian empire, and southern Azerbaijan is part of Persia.
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World's first ever oil well is drilled south of Baku.
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Thousands of Russian and Ukrainian people are brought in to Kazakh lands. The First industrial enterprises were set up.
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Between 600,000 and 1.5 million Armenians are murdered or deported from their homeland in Anatolia to Syria. The Ottoman government thought they were harbouring pro-Russian sympathies.
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Armenian regions of the Ottoman Empire fall to the Russian army.
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Civil war breaks out following the Bolshevik revolution in Russia. This was the major turning point for all the government takeovers.
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Georgian Orthodox Church was abolished during the Russian control of the country. They restored themselves in 1917 and were fully recognized by the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople in 1990. The main religion is Christianity.
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A series of brutal conflicts in 1918. They fought over land.
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Georgia declared independence during the Russian Civil War.
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Independent Azerbaijani Republic declared. They regained control from the USSR
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Controlled land and became capital of short-lived Armenian republic.
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Kazakhstan becomes an autonomous republic of the USSR. Until 1925 it is called the Kyrgyz Autonomous Province to distinguish its people from the Cossacks.
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Armenians suffer under Stalin's control, but the country also experiences industrial development.
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Earthquake in northern Armenia kills 25,000 and leaves hundreds of thousands homeless, the relief efforts are slow.
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Georgia became a member of the United Nations (UN) and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) in 1992
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Kazakhstan agrees to abolish trade tariffs with Uzbekistan and is important for tariff costs are high
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Georgia joined the Council of Europe .
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Georgia joined World Trade Organisation (WTO) in 2000
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Mr Mikheil Saakashvili, the current President, won a second term by direct popular vote with 53.5 per cent of ballots cast.
