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In 107 BC, the social unrest reached a new level when a talented military leader name Gaius Marius was elected consul.
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The conflict between these two cities eventually grew into a series of three wars. This was called the Punic Wars, they continued on and off for nearly 80 years.
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Scipio routed Hannibal's forces on the plain of Zama outside Carthage and took the city, ending the Second Punic War in 202 BC.
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In 221 BC, the Shi Huangdi worked to strengthen China. He ruled harshly.
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Violence broke out between Rome and Carthage in 264 BC, this was the beginning of the First Punic War.
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The Romans had defeated the Etruscans and the Greek Cities in the Southern italy. As the Romans conquered Italy they generally imposed few conditions on their subject peoples.
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In 300 BC, the Qin dynasty replaced the Zhou dynasty. It would fall due to a peasant rebel.
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The Romans began to elect magistrates called praetors. Paetors could also act for the consuls when the consuls were at war. When Rome began to spread the consuls and praetors were usually given military commands.
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Sparta had the most powerful army in Greece, the spartan people paid a high price for the military supremacy.
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After Crassus died, Caesar and Pompey go into a civil war, Caesar wins and got full control over the Republic. The Senate then later declared him as the dictator for life.
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The law of the Twelve Tables, this was a thing sometime around 450 BC, was rome's first written law code. The laws protected both the lenders and borrowers.
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Around 450 BC, the plebeians forced the patricians to have all laws written down.
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Athens emerged to Delian League. This grown to 200 city-states
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The Athenian leader Cleisthenes broke power of the nobility. He organized people into 10 groups where they lived on their wealth.
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The Persian War began between the greek and persian empire. the persians conquered the area.
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In 551 BC, Confucius was born. He developed 5 relationships to organize China in a time of crisis.
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Pompey, Caesar, Crassus, all took over the Roman Republic as the First Triumvirate. This meant three men ruled.
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The first democratic a nobleman Draco took power. He develop a legal code
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Messenians resented Spartans harsh rule. But turned into a city state.
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Homer Methods composed epics and narrative poems, called the Iliad.
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Sparta conquered the neighboring region Messenia and took over the land. Messenians became peasants forced to stay on the land and work.
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A city-state was the fundamental political unit in ancient greece. new city-states were joining and appearing
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In 771 BC, the Nomads from the north and west came in to attack the Zhou capital and murder the Zhou monarch. Thier government failed and chaos happened.
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In 1000 BC, the Zhou brought the Mandate of heaven to power. it chose the leader and became central to the government.
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In 1027 BC, the Shang Dynasty ended. They built elaborate palaces and tombs that were found and left a lot of information.
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In 1027, the Zhou dynasty came in and established their own dynasty. They overthrew the Shang dynasty.
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1100 BC, the Upper and Lower Egypt split. This calls for new ruling.
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Sea riders attacked and burned mycenaean cities. they were invaded and became weaker
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Trojan war was fought between the Mycenaeans and Troy. Trojan war lasted 10 years.
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1500 B.C. Aryans, who were nomadic people, came into the Indus valley and Indian civilizations grow again under the influence of the nomads.
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Mycenaean civilization came into contact with the Minoan through seaborne trade. This lead to more trade and expansion of new ideas and products
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Babylonia is conquered by the Kassites. They rule the area for 400+ years.
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In 1600 BC, the Chinese had their own written language. it didn’t link to their written language.
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Between 1630-1523 BC, the Hyksos ruled Egypt. They were the “rulers of foreign lands”.
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During 1640 BC, the Middle Kingdom was brought to an end. Hyksos moved from Palestine across the Isthmus of Suez into Egypt.
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Between 1368-1644 BC, the last Chinese dynasty was the Ming, which lasted from C.E. 1368 to 1644. It was famous for its exquisite arts and crafts.
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In 1700 BC, the higher class people lived in timber framed houses made of straw and clay while the lower class just lived in little huts.(peasants and craftspeople)
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In 1700 BC the Shang Dynasty rose. They were the first family of Chinese rulers to leave written records.
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In 1750 BC, the quality of building in Indus Valley declined. This started the end to Indus civilization.
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In 1750 BC, the cities near the river suffered great disasters. Those who survived had no way to farm and died.
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Babylonian empire came to its’ end during the rise of Hammurabi. Hammurabi was well known for creating his code of laws.
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Hammurabi had a code of laws created due to the unsafe village. He used it to unify diverse groups in his empire.
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In 1800 BC, the Harappan created a written language with about 400 symbols. It cannot be deciphered to this day.
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from 1600 to 1100 B.C. Mycenae could withstand from any attack warrior kings surrounded the village and farms.
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In 50 BC, Julius Caesar was one of the most powerful men in the Roman Republic. He was the Governor of the province of Gaul the winner of dozen of battles, a charismatic leader, and a powerful public speaker.
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In 50 BC, Julius Caesar was one of the most powerful men in the Roman Republic. He was the Governor of the province of Gaul the winner of dozen of battles, a charismatic leader, and a powerful public speaker.
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In 2000 BC, the Monsoons dominated India’s climates. They suffered anything from a blowing of dry air to blowing of great moisture and rain.
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In 2000 BC, the Indus River brought yearly floods. This caused either too much rain, too little rain, or a perfect balance that was unpredictable.
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In 2000 BC, the settlements began to grow as China's first
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In 2005 BC, the Mentuhotep II gained control of entire country. Agriculture advanced.
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1.7 millions years ago, fossil remains of a Homo erectus were found in China. They show settling as far back as 500,000 years.
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In 618-907 BC, the literature and arts flourished under the ruling of the Tang Dynasty.
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In 581 BC, the grand canal was built. This helped with expansion and trading products.
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The Persian fleet carried 25,000 men across the Aegean Sea and landed northeast of Athens.
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When invaders threatened Rome in 494 BC, the plebeians seceded or withdrew. They left Rome.
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The Etruscans ruled Rome until 509 BC, when the Romans revolted and threw out their last king.
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Rome decided to destroy its old enemy for the last time. They declared war for the third time in 149 BC.
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In 218 BC, the Carthaginian general Hannibal led a well-trained army and a force of war elephants across the Pyrenees and the Alps to invade Italy. For many years Hannibal dominated the Italian country-side, defeating one Roman army after another.
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Solon the democratic made democratic reforms. Stating no one person should own another person, outlawing slavery
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From 2040-1640 BC, the Egyptians created thousands of new acres of farmland by draining the swamps of lower Egypt. They also built huge dikes to trap and channel Nile’s floodwaters for irrigation.
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During 2040-1640 BC, The Middle Kingdom restored law and order. Egyptians improved trade and transportation by digging a canal from the Nile to the Red Sea.
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Sargon’s dynasty came to an end due to violence, invasions, and a famine. It was the end to the first empire.
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In 2180 BC, the power of the Pharaohs declined Which marked the end of the Old Kingdom.
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Cuneiform was created by Sumerians. It was written on clay tablets recording events, astronomy, chemistry, and medicine.
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Sargon defeated the city states of Sumer. He led an army from Akkad, which was north of sumer. He helped spread the culture and create the first empire.
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In 2500 B.C., what is now called Pakistan was India’s first created civilization. The first cities were building and first to use brick. started using levees and walls to hold out the water.
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In 2500 BC, the Egyptians built pyramids as burial sites for the pharaohs. Egyptians made the advancement of building huge pyramids.
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2500 BC, the Indus civilization rose in part of India and Pakistan. It had flat fertile land formed by the Indus and Ganges River.
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In 2500 BC, the Indus Valley created an impressive city plan. They laid the city in a precise grid system.
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Arithmetic, geometry, architectural innovations, and Cuneiform were formed by Sumerians. They developed language and measurement accuracy.
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In 25000 BC, Indus Valley filled their streets with buildings made of oven baked bricks. They also developed a plumbing and sewage system.
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Manny settlers gather and traded ideas within Sumerian city-states. Cultural diffusion helped other cultures to experience new things and improve based on what they learned from others.
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Sumerians believed their many gods controlled different forces of nature. To impress them they built ziggurats.
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Sumerian city-states were ruled by dynasties. Leadership kept villages in place, an important part of Sumerian society.
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In 2500 BC, the people of Indus Valley began laying bricks to build the city. They built earthen walls to keep water out of the city.
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In 2500 BC, Indus Valley’s largest cities were Kalibangan, Mohenjo-Daro, and Harappa. The civilization was called Harappan civilization.
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In 2600 BC, the trading began on the Indus River. They traded with Mesopotamians and brought luxury goods to Sumer.
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In 2660 BC, the Pharaohs became Egypt's kings and were viewed as gods. This type of government was called theocracy.
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In 2600 BC, the Start of the Old Kingdom. Pyramids reflect the strength of Egypt and show the economic strength and technology.
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In 2700 BC, the Egyptians created the calendar with 365 days. They used it to keep track of when to plant according to flooding.
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In 2700 BC, the Egyptians developed a system of written numbers for counting, adding, and subtraction. They used the system to collect taxes.
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Sumerians built Uruk, Kish, Langash, Umma, and Ur. These city states were the beginning of civilization.
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Sumerians’ city-states were at war numerous times. This formed the role of leadership.
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In 3000 BC, the Kings, Queens, priests, and wealthy landowners stand above merchants who are above farmers and peasants.
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Wars began to develop and priests were responsible for their own government while military leaders lead the city. Priests and kings were at the highest rank in the social class.
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In 3100 BC, theEgyptians developed hieroglyphics. Unlike cuneiform it was written on papyrus reeds.
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By 3200 B.C., the people were farming and improving agriculture in villages by the Indus river.
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In 3200 BC, the Villages of Egypt were under control of Lower Egypt and Upper Egypt. They were said to be under the control of Narmer.
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Sumerians faced many environmental challenges where they settled. Sumerians dealt with floods or no rain at all and they had no natural resources.
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Sumerians were introduced as settlers coming for good soil. They created many tools and technology.
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In 7000 BC, People were farming along the Indus River. They were among the first ever.