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The Mongol hoard was finally removed from Russia
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Threw off the Mongol yoke, and began to consolidate Russian land
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Gained acess to the Caspian Sea, and strengthened the autocracy
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Transformed Russia into one of the great countries of the world. Modernizer, but had to push them through with autocratic means
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Great Northern War Russian troops were led by Peter the Great, the first real Russian modernizer. War was to gain access to sea ports for Russia
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Peter the Great formed the city and made it the capital--further west to become more integrated in the rest of the world.
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Tried to expand Russia (200,000 mi) got access to the Black Sea through conflicts with Sweden, Poland, and Turkey
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Involved in the conference of Vienna, added Finland to Russia
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Tried to expand Russia southward. Fought nationalist efforts
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An attempt to force Westernist theory on Russia. Led by a group of students, officers, professionals, and nobles. said that the tsarist way was stilting economic growth
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"The Liberator" Pushed through a lot of reforms, but died before he could secure a Constitution
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was a reaction to the tsarist empire
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Alexander II reforms
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Alexander II (the Reformer) liberated the serfs to speed up economic growth
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Revioluntionary party, organized by Tkachev, assassinated the tsar
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Russia and Germany promised neutrality to each other if they were to become involved in another conflict. When Germany allowed it to lapse in 1890 then it drove Russia to the French
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Began as a vague agreement between the two countries that they would talk to eachother if they were threatened, but it shifted to a convention that said that if Germany or Italy/Austria attacked then the other would intervene to help
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Convinced China to give them a 25 year lease on the peninsula--gave them access to the sea. Resulted in increased tensions with Japan, who saw that as an incroachment in their sphere
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Disagree over whether or not they could skip capitalism in their quest for Marxism. Bolsheviks won
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Japan launched a suprise attack on Port Arthur. Russia was utterly unprepared for war and got their asses kicked. Caused internal rioting and led to the first revolution. Peace was reached through negotiations led through the US. Russia got influence in Manchuria and didn't have to pay indemnity, but Japan got Korean influence and Liaotung Peninsula/Port Arthur
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wiki Over Manchuria and Korea--Russia and Japan were fighting over resources
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First Russian Revolution. Failed. Began because of the discontent of the Russo-Japanese War. Forced many of the leaders of the reform movement (Lenin, Trotsky) into exile
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Limited the powers of the tsar and created the Duma as a legislative body. Kept the idea that violence could invoke change in the government
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Between Russia and Britain. Recognized that Russia had a sphere of influence in Persia/Iran, and Britain had one in Afghanistan. Both recognized China's control of Tibet
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In 1915 Nicholas II became commander in chief, but he was awful so it delegitimized his rule
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Fought the eastern front against germany. most backward country in the conflict. promoted discontent in population
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Major revolution in Russia that caused the eventual abdication of the monarchy. paved the way for the october revolution
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Put the Duma in power
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Established a peace treaty between Russia and Germany to end Russian involvement in WWI. Russia ceded massive amounts of land in the West: Poland, Estonia, Latvia,and Ukraine. Seen as treason by many
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After the revolution, there was still a conflict between the Whites (Mensheviks) and the Reds (Bolsheviks). Allied intervention occurred on the side of the Whites. Reds won.
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Poland tried to take control of large parts of Ukraine and Belarus. Russia became involved and pushed back the Polish army. Soviets thought that this was the first conflict of the war for socialism
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Treaty that ended the Soviet-Polish war
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Normalized relations between the USSR and Germany after the Brest-Litovsk Treaty. Cooperation treaty
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Farmers resisted collectivization, so Stalin starved them. 3 to 6 million died
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Germany wanted (and got) Czechoslovakia. Appeasement became common
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Gave a free hand to each Russia and Germany. Established spheres of influence for each. Soviets got: Finland, Romania, Estonia, and Latvia
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1941-Hitler attacked the Soviet Union. By December he was almost at Moscow. USSR was saved because of the winter and its size.
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Killing of Polish POW officers by the USSR
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Meeting of the Allied forces. Agreed they needed a second front. Opened in 1944, and none of the Allies would sign a seperate peace treaty with Hitler
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Failed conference. Stalin and Churchill divied up Eastern Europe. the US did not attend
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Allies agreeing their terms for settlement with Germany. FDR wanted the UN, and USSR help in Japan. they agreed in order to get their spheres of influence confirmed
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First disagreements on the new world order
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Tito created a communist country without the help of Stalin, which paved the way for other non-Soviet states. Posed a threat to the authority of the USSR. Stalin expelled Yugoslavia from Cominform
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Two halves of Berlin. USSR shut down the land routes in, so Allies airlifted supplies
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Created to contain communinsm in Europe
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Soviets recognized Mao's communist revolution
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Western Germany
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First big power meeting since Potsdam. No agreement, but marked reduction in tensions
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USSR invaded Hungary to eliminate the new democracy
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General Secretary
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Marked a deStalinizaton move. Secret speech. Abolished Cominform
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General Secretary
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Violently shut down the uprising in Czechoslovakia
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Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty. Reduced arms by 30%. Nuclear and conventional weapons
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Intervened on the side of the communists, and put a great strain on the Soviet economy
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Addition to the first SALT. US withdrew from the treaty because of Afghanistan
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General Secretary. Major reformer
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Became a symbol for the end of the Cold War. Like other Velvet Revolutions and the Solidarity movement
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Russia and the Soviet Union existed side by side for 2 years
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Theory of Westernization
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Commonwealth of Independant States
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Draft. Never passed. Tried to save USSR. Replaced by the CIS
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Chechan conflict
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76% of all polled supported the retention of the Soviet Union
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The old guard tried to overthrow the push of westernization and liberalism, but the army refused to go along with it, so it failed
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By Yeltsin
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?????
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nationalist interests of Russia
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Peace treaty between Moldova and Transdnistria
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President of Russia
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Russia got involved because of the NATO threat
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Yeltsin
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Came from East Roman emperor Vladmir the Great.