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The Republic Expands
265 BC
As the Rome's government changed and it's population increased more land was needed. The Roman military attacked lands areas nearby. The Romans defeated the Etruscans (Itlay civilization) and the Greek cities in Southern Italy. When Rome moved on to Sicily they came across a powerful trading city of Carthage. This conflict was named the Punic wars. -
Period: to
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The first Punic War
264 BC
The first Punic war began. Rome defeated Carthage and demanded money and control over Sicily. This victory hepled Romans interest' of expansion. They took Sardina and Corsica. The relationship between Carthage and Rome became worse. -
The Second Punic War
218 BC
During the second punic war the Carthaginian general, Hannibal invaded Italy defeated many Roman armies. The Roman general Publius Cornelius Scipio sailed to Carthage in Afirca and attacked. Scipio defeated Hanniball and ended the Second Punic War in 202 BC. -
The Third Punic War
149 BC
Rome decided to destroy Carthage once and for all, declaring the Third Punic War. After Carthage fell the Romans enslaved the population and destroyed the city. Rome moved on to conquer Macedonia and Persia, who had both allied with Carthage. -
Problems in the late Republic
Mid-100s BC
Rome had no rivals anywhere. But, running a massive empire an with the tension between social classes began to cause problems. -
Gracchi
133 BC
Tiberius Gracchus (Roman Politician) and his brother Gauis, known as Gracchi, were murdered at the senate's point of view after planning to distribute public land to unempolyed ex-soldiers. -
Gaius Marius
107 BC
The social discontent reached a new level. General Gaius Marius became consul, He changed the law about soldiers having to own property to join the army. Poor people with hopes of gaining something through war joined the army. The army became private to Marius. -
Allies
90 BC
Rome's allies wanted to gain Roman citizenship, but the Senate refused. This led to a Social War. In the end the allies were defeated but the Senate granted them citizenship. -
Lucius Cornelius Sulla
88 BC
General Lucius Cornelius Sulla became consul. Marius and his supporters did not want him to command. A civil War began. Sulla won and became dictator, executing all those who opposed him. -
Rome becomes an Empire
60 BC
Julius Caesar, Gnaeus Pompey and Licinius Crassus ruled the roman state. This became the First Triumvirate or the rule of three men. After Crassus death, Caesar defeated Pompey and took control of Rome. -
Caesar
44 BC
Caesar became dictator. He was murder by a group of Senators in an attempt to save the Republic. -
The Second Triumvirate
43 BC
The second Triumvirate took power. Its members were Caesar’s adopted son, Octavian, an officer Marc Anthony and the high priest Lepidus. Lepidus was pushed aside; Octavian and Anthony ruled half the empire each. A civil war began between Octavian and Anthony. -
Octavian
31 BC
Octavian defeated Anthony and Queen Cleopatra of Egypt. He took control of the empire. Octavian created a new political order known as the Principate. -
Augustus
27 BC
The Senate gave Octavian a new name: Augustus, “the revered one”. Augustus remained controlled for more than 40 years. -
Julio-Claudian
41 AD
Augustus died. For the next 54 years relatives of Julius Caesar, called the Julio-Claudian emperors ruled Rome. -
Flavians
After 68 AD
A series of emperors known as the Flavians took control of Rome. After the Flavians came a dynasty of five leaders known as the good emperors. Most of them were from provinces rather than from Rome. -
The Pax Romana
AD
The period from the beginning of Augustus in 27 BC until the death of Marcus Aurelius in 180 AD is called Pax Romana. Constant government, law, general trade and an extensive network of roads helped Romans build their empire and maintain peace.
