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- The First Crusade
- The Second Crusade
- The Third Crusade
- The Forth Crusade
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The very first crusade was assembled and departed to recapture Jerusalem from the Turks. It was made of four Crusader armies and led by Raymond of Saint-Gilles, Godfey of Bouillon, Hugh of Vermandois and Bohemond of Taranto. sources:
http://websites.umich.edu/~marcons/Crusades/timeline/summaries/First_Crusade.htm
https://www.history.com/topics/middle-ages/crusades#the-first-crusade-1096-1099
https://www.britannica.com/question/Who-were-the-leaders-of-the-Crusades -
The second crusade was a campaign called to reclaim the city of Edessa. It was led by King Louis VII of France and King Conrad of Germany. sources
https://www.history.com/topics/middle-ages/crusades#the-second-crusade-1147-1149
https://www.worldhistory.org/Second_Crusade/
https://www.worldhistory.org/Second_Crusade/#:~:text=Pope%20Eugenius%20III%20(r.,on%201%20December%201145%20CE. -
The Third Crusade formed due to many defeats the Christians had suffered after the second crusade. It was lead by Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, King Philip II of France, and King Richard I of England. sources
http://websites.umich.edu/~marcons/Crusades/timeline/summaries/third_crusade.htm
https://www.history.com/topics/middle-ages/crusades#the-third-crusade-1187-1192 -
The crusade was originally called for in 1198, but power struggles in and between Europe and Byzantium caused it to focus on falling the current Byzantine emperor, Alexius III. When his successor and nephew Alexius IV was strangled in 1204, the crusade declared war on the city of Constantinople and ultimately ended with its fall. source
https://www.history.com/topics/middle-ages/crusades#the-fourth-crusade-1202-1204 -
The strain Y. pestis of the plague first appears in Mongolia, the worst outbreak being in the capital, Sarai. The Mongols carry it to the Black Sea which begins its spread further.
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Survivors of both sides of a siege in Caffa escape by the sea, a ship arrives in Constantinople. The city, now infected, loses 90% of the population. source
https://www.history.com/news/black-death-timeline -
Twelve ships docked in the port of Messina are found to have most of their sailors dead and survivors horribly sick. Nearly one third of the continent's population dies from the plague. sources
https://www.history.com/topics/middle-ages/black-death
https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/the-plague -
- The Bubonic Plague First Emerges
- The Plague Reaches Constantinople
- The Plague Reaches Europe
- The Black Death Fades Out
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The plague's spread majorly slows down but never truly ends, returning several times through history. Officials in the port city of Ragusa slow the spread with quarantine methods, keeping sailors on their ships for 40 days. sources
https://www.history.com/topics/middle-ages/black-death#how-did-the-black-death-end
https://www.history.com/news/black-death-timeline -
- Fall of Constantinople
- The Gutenberg Bible
- The War of The Roses
- Construction of the Sistine Chapel
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- Bartholomew Dias is the First European to Round Africa
- Columbus Reaches the Americas
- Vasco de Gama Sails Around Africa
- The Aztec Empire Falls
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The city of Constantinople, after withstanding many sieges and attacks, falls to the cannons of the Ottoman army led by Mehmed II. The city then became the new Ottoman capital with Mehmed ruling as Sultan for 28 years. https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1180/1453-the-fall-of-constantinople/
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Johannes Gutenberg publishes the Gutenberg Bible with a new printing press. The printing method allowed the Bible to have better readability and neater script. sources
https://www.thoughtco.com/renaissance-timeline-4158077
https://www.thoughtco.com/johannes-gutenberg-and-the-printing-press-1991865#toc-the-gutenberg-bible -
A civil war between the two rival noble houses of England the Lancastrians and the Yorkists, caused by the country being governed by a weak king, who was blamed for large defeats in France, a poor economy, and his unpopular wife and advisors. The war ends with the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485, and the victory of Henry VII founds the Tudor line. source
http://theminiaturespage.com/ref/history/reninfo.html -
The plans to reconstruct the Sistine Chapel began in 1473, but actual construction was in 1477. It lasted 4 years and was decorated with paintings on the walls and ceiling by many artists. sources
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sistine-Chapel
https://www.thesistinechapel.org/history-sistine-chapel -
While searching for the Cape of Good Hope on the coast, Diaz is pushed out to sea to avoid stormy waters. He does not only find the Cape after being lost in open sea but also is the first to round the southernmost point of Africa. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Bartolomeu-Dias
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The first trip to the Americas by Columbus had ended with landfall in what is the current day Bahamas in the Caribbean. He mistook this area for the other side of Asia, as that was the voyage was for looking a oceanic route that did not require going around Africa. sources
https://www.history.com/topics/exploration/christopher-columbus
https://www.rmg.co.uk/stories/topics/christopher-columbus
https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/columbus-makes-landfall-caribbean -
- The Mona Lisa is Painted
- Raphael Paints the Madonna in the Meadow
- Michelangelo Completes the Ceiling of the Sistine Chapel
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To find a direct sea route to Asia from Europe, Vasco de Gama makes a voyage sailing around Africa. He was the first European explorer to find an ocean route to India. sources
https://exploration.marinersmuseum.org/subject/vasco-da-gama/ -
Inventor, architect, and Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci begins painting the famous Mona Lisa. He continuously works on it for years. sources
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mona-Lisa-painting
https://www.history.com/topics/renaissance/leonardo-da-vinci#mona-lisa -
First of Raphael's Madonna series of art, it is one of the many works he creates while living in Florence. His style was largely inspired by Michelangelo and Leonardo. https://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/digital/collection/Civilization/id/836/
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Pope Julius II chose Michelangelo to decorate the frescos and back wall of the chapel. It took four years and over 300 figures are depicted in total. sources
https://www.thesistinechapel.org/sistine-chapel-ceiling
https://www.thesistinechapel.org/michelangelo -
Objecting to the practice of indulgences by the Catholic Church, Martin Luther writes the Theses to question the church. It ultimately becomes the foundation for the Reformation https://www.history.com/topics/reformation/martin-luther-and-the-95-theses#section_3
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- Martin Luther Writes the 95 Theses
- Martin Luther is Excommunicated by the Pope
- The Treaty of Westphalia
- The Peace of Augsburg
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Rampant disease brought by Europeans and the invasion led by Hernan Cortes wiped out the Aztecs. This was also brought by the conquering of the capital, Tenochtitlan. https://www.softschools.com/timelines/age_of_exploration_timeline/348/
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Martin Luther is called to defend his beliefs before the emperor at the Diet of Worms after he is excommunicated by the pope. He stands his ground and is deemed a heretic and outlaw. https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/luther-defiant-at-diet-of-worms
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- Galileo Builds the Enhanced Refracting Telescope-
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The Peace of Augsburg allowed princes to chose if they wanted Catholicism or Lutheranism as the religion of their domain. It ended the religious conflict between the corresponding religions.
https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/modern-europe/german-history/peace-augsburg
https://www.britannica.com/event/Peace-of-Augsburg -
Galileo creates his first telescope and it was able to magnify an object three times larger than original size. He improves this design to be able to magnify eight and then thirty times than the naked eye. https://www.loc.gov/collections/finding-our-place-in-the-cosmos-with-carl-sagan/articles-and-essays/modeling-the-cosmos/galileo-and-the-telescope
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A pair of peace treaties called the Peace of Westphalia are signed, which ends the Thirty Years' War that had raged in Europe. It shifted the control of power in Europe and allowed German states to have religious freedom from the Holy Roman Empire.
https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/thirty-years-war-ends
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