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The first known use of indulgences was in 1095. To Catholic Church, an indulgence is "a way to reduce the amount of punishment one has to undergo for sins" by giving money instead of a confession.
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Petrarch was an Italian scholar, poet, and humanist whose poems were addressed to Laura, an idealized women. He contributed to the Renaissance flowering of lyric poetry. Petrarch is often regarded as the “Father of Humanism” because he helped to popularize the study of the classical world and literature. He rediscovered many manuscripts in monasteries and had Greek works translated to Latin, so that they could be more readily read and studied.
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Humanism is a philosophical stance that emphasizes the value of human beings and individually. It began in late-14th-century Italy, came to around in the 15th century, and spread to the rest of Europe after the middle of that century. Some of the first humanists were Petrarch, Giovanni Boccaccio, Coluccio Salutati, and Poggio Bracciolini.
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Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press, which started the Printing Revolution. It allowed large amounts of information quickly and in huge numbers. One of the most popular books to be printed and shared was the Bible.
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Leonardo da Vinci was a Renaissance man. He did work in painting, drawing, sculpting, science, engineering, architecture, and anatomy. Although he’s mostly known for art he has done other great things. He invented the parachute, the helicopter, an armored fighting vehicle.
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He was a German goldsmith, inventor, printer, and publisher who introduced printing to Europe with the introduction of mechanical movable type printing press
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Albrecht Dürer was a painter, printmaker, and writer generally regarded as the greatest German Renaissance artist. His paintings and engravings show the Northern interest in detail and Renaissance efforts to represent the bodies of humans and animals accurately.
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Copernicus was a Renaissance-era mathematician and astronomer. He invented a model of the universe that placed the Sun rather than Earth at the center of the universe.
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Luther was a German professor of theology, composer, priest, and Augustinian monk. His writings were responsible for fractionalizing the Catholic Church and sparking the Protestant Reformation. Luther hated the idea of indulgences. Luther wrote the Ninety-five Theses.
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Machiavelli was an Italian Renaissance diplomat, philosopher and writer. He has often been called the father of modern political philosophy and political science. One of his most famous quotes is “It is better to be feared than loved, if you cannot be both.”
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DescriptionElizabeth I was Queen of England and Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death on 24 March 1603. Elizabeth I is one of England's greatest monarchs – perhaps the greatest. Her forces defeated the Spanish Armada and saved England from invasion, she reinstated Protestantism and forged an England that was a strong and independent nation.
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An astronomical model in which the Earth and planets revolve around the Sun at the center of the Solar System. Historically, heliocentrism was opposed to geocentrism, which placed the Earth at the center. This led to the advancement and accuracy in astronomical tools, both physical and mathematical
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DescriptionThe Council of Trent, between 1545 and 1563, was a council of the Catholic Church. It was prompted by the Protestant Reformation, it has been described as the embodiment of the Counter-Reformation. The two main goals of the Council of Trent were to address abuses in the Church and to clarify Catholic teaching to meet the Protestant challenges.
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Bacon was an English philosopher and statesman who served as Attorney General and as Lord Chancellor of England. He is given credit for developing the scientific method. He was also known as Lord Verulam.
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Galileo is considered the "father of modern physics", the "father of the scientific method", and the "father of modern science.”
