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1800 BCE
Mayans(Human Sacrifice)
During the pre-Columbian era, human sacrifice in Maya culture was the ritual offering of nourishment to the gods. Blood was viewed as a good source of nourishment for the Maya deities, and the sacrifice of a living creature was a powerful blood offering. Human sacrifice was the best offering of blood to the gods, and the most important Maya rituals came from human sacrifice. Generally only high status prisoners of war were sacrificed, with lower status captives being used for labor. -
1000 BCE
Caste System
The Aztecs had a social hierarchy in which individuals were identified as nobles , commoners, serfs, or slaves. The noble class usually were government and military leaders, high level priests, and lords. Priests had their own internal class system. Nobles were entitled to receive tribute from commoners in the form of goods, services, and labor. Noble status was passed on through male and female lineages. -
Period: 1 BCE to
BEGINNINGS TO EXPLORATION
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1300
The Renaissance
The Renaissance was a period in European history, from the 14th to the 17th century, regarded as the cultural bridge between the Middle Ages and modern history. It started as a cultural movement in Italy in the Medieval period and later spread to the rest of Europe, marking the beginning of the Modern age. In politics, the Renaissance contributed to the development of the customs and conventions of diplomacy, and in science to an increased reliance on and inductive reasoning. -
1346
The Black Death
The Black Death was one of the most devastating pandemics in human history, resulting in the deaths of an estimated 75 to 200 million people in Eurasia, resulting in several forms of plague .The Black Death is estimated to have killed 30–60% of Europe's total population.The Black Death is thought to have originated in the Silk Road, most likely carried by rat fleas living on the black rats that, spread throughout the Mediterranean and Europe. -
1451
Christopher Columbus
Christopher Columbus was an Italian explorer, navigator, and colonizer. Under the Catholic Monarchs of Spain he completed four voyages across the Atlantic Ocean. Columbus proposed to reach the East Indies by sailing westward. This gained support by the Spanish Crown, which saw a chance to enter the spice trade with Asia through this new route. During his first voyage in 1492, he reached the New World instead of arriving in Japan as he had intended, landing in the modern day Bahamas. -
1517
The Reformation
The Reformation, or the Protestant Reformation, was a schism from the Catholic Church initiated by Martin Luther and continued by John Calvin, Huldrych Zwingli, and other early Protestant Reformers in 16th-century Europe. It is usually considered to have started with the publication of the Ninety-five Theses by Luther in 1517 and lasted until the end of the Thirty Years' War. This resulted in a rise in nationalism and the Western Schism. -
English Colonization
The British colonization of the Americas began in 1607 in Jamestown, Virginia. The British were among the most important colonizers of the Americas. Three types of colonies existed in the British Empire in America during the 18th Century. These were charter colonies, proprietary colonies and royal colonies. A group of 13 British American colonies collectively broke from the British Empire. -
The Chesapeake Colonies
The Chesapeake region of the colonies included Virginia, Maryland, the New Jerseys, and Pennsylvania, also In 1607, Jamestown, the first English colony in the New World was built. Chesapeake society and economy was built around Tobacco. It was the crop of Virginia and Maryland economies. Plantations were made by riverbanks for the good soil and to provide easier transportation. -
Period: to
English Colonial Societies
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The Middle Passage
The Middle Passage was the middle section of the triangular trade. These routes were created by Spanish and Portuguese, importing slaves from Africa to work in sugar plantations for the New World. The conditions on these ship were horrid. Slaves were packed tightly together, a hundred out of five hundred slaves died during the night because of disease such as, the flux, smallpox and scurvy. Slaves were lucky if they even made to the plantations. -
The New England Colonies
The New England Colonies consisted of the colonies of New Hampshire, Massachusetts Bay Colony, Rhode Island and Connecticut. New England colonies lasted very cold winters, and the land was flat and closer to the coastline. Also, the soil was hard and rocky, excluding farming as a way life.New England, instead, trade raw materials for manufactured items. The colonist predominately were of the Puritan culture in the New England colonies. -
Massachusetts Bay Colony
In 1628, a group of Puritans formed the New England Company. The King of England gave them a charter to make a settlement along the Massachusetts Bay. The Puritans left because they believed the Church of England was too corrupt, so they came to Massachusetts for religious freedom. Major Industries: Agriculture and Manufacturing. In towns along the coast, the colonists made their living fishing, whaling, and shipbuilding. -
New England Colonies
The first New England colonies, which included Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island and New Hampshire, were all founded during the 17th century, beginning with the Pilgrims at Plymouth in 1620. These colonies also built ships for England themselves. Fishing was a very good way of making money in the New England colonies, because of the poor soil that couldn't be use for agriculture. In the New England colonies most were puritans. -
Navigation Acts
The Navigation Acts were multiple English laws that restricted colonial trade to England. Created to moderate trade and allow England to collect taxes in the Colonies. while benefiting Britain, it made many angry in the colonies and was one the main reasons why the American Revolution occurred. This meant that all of a colony's imports are to be either bought from England or resold by English merchants in England. -
The Glorious Revolution
The Glorious Revolution of 1688-1689 replaced the reigning king, James II, with the monarchy of his protestant daughter Mary and her Dutch husband, William of Orange. It was the plan of the Whig (those were against a Catholic succession) history of Britain. it importance showed that the right of people to change their form of government if they believed that government no longer protected their rights. -
The Salem Witch Trials
The Salem witch trials was mass panic caused by witch accusations, when a group of girls from Salem Village, Massachusetts, said that they'd been posses, they implicated several local women of witchcraft. Through out this panic more than 200 people were accused of practicing witchcraft, but only 20 people were executed. These trials, would the split of families and create hard lives of the accused, but they would be payed for those who suffered. -
The Acts of Union
The Acts of Union were two Acts of Parliament: the Union with Scotland Act 1706 passed by the Parliament of England, and the Union with England Act passed in 1707 by the Parliament of Scotland. This officially led to the creation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain -
Period: to
Colonial American to 1763
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The Triangular Trade
A system of transatlantic trade in the 16th century between Europe, Africa, and the Americas. the slaves were traded for goods such as raw cotton, molasses, sugar and tobacco which ultimately was returned and sold back in Europe. As demand grew, some African traders started to capture other Africans and sell them to the Europeans. -
The Enlightenment
An uprising of intellectual, philosophical, cultural, and social movement that spread all through Europe.Thinkers and enlightenment philosophers like John Locke, Charles Montesquieu, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau all developed ideas of what a government should be and do for it's people. Focusing deeply on religious tolerance, reason, science, and the right of the people or their "natural rights". It can be said that this period led to the American Revolution and French Revolution . -
The Great Awakening
A period of religious awakening and reform, with a course of religious revivals that carried across the American colonies that were advocated by protestant churches. With the period of the Great Awakening there was a decline of Quakers and Anglican and an increase with people of the baptist religion. This awakening brought about a change in attitudes when it came to religion. Things about how law would affect their religion. -
French and Indian War
French and Indian War or also referred to as the Seven Years' War. The French and Indian War was a North American conflict between Great Britain and France known. In the 18th century, both the Britain and France wanted to expand their territory west of the Appalachian Mountains, which was the called the Ohio Territory. In this war Both the French and the British colonists would receive assistance by their Indian allies. -
Fort William Henry
Following the Battle of Lake George in 1755, the French had began creating of Fort Carillon near the southern by Lake Champlain, at the same time the British would build Fort William Henry at the southern end of Lake George. The attack on Fort William Henry ends with a French Defeat. The French commander-in-chief of the French forces, Louis-Joseph de Montcalm, lays attcaks to Fort William Henry which Lt. Col. George Monro will finally give in. -
Period: to
Revolutionary
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The Acts of Parliament
In an attempt pay off the Britain's debt that result from the French and Indian War, The King and Parliament began to enforce trade laws and imposed taxes on sugar, Americans grew increasingly upset. The British would then impose the Townshend Act, placing a tax on glass, paint, oil, lead, paper, and tea. Revenue Act/Sugar Act, Stamp Act, Declaratory Act, Townshend Act, Coercive Acts,Prohibitory Act. were all attempts to enforce tax on the rebellious Americans. -
The Boston Massacre
A street fight that occurred between a "patriot" mob, throwing snowballs and stones. British reacted by opening fire on a group of American colonists killing five men, and few colonists were killed and this led to a campaign by speech-writers to use propaganda and turn something small into something big. The event would result a number of act to prevent retaliation by the americans and later the Revolutionary war. -
The Boston Tea Party
The Tea Act was passed and allowed the British a monopoly on tea which only made American colonists angry over the tax. This caused an incident where tea from to the British East India Company were dumped from ships into Boston Harbor by American dressed Indians. The British would respond with the Intolerable Acts or the Coercive Acts which were harsh laws passed by the British Parliament intended to punish the American colonists for the Boston Tea Party. -
1st Continental Congress
Representatives from each of the 13 colonies met in Philadelphia as the First Continental Congress to discuss issues over the Intolerable Acts. They attempted to enforce a boycott of British goods and also the non-exportation of American goods to Britain until they meet their demands. The congress would pass the Declaration of Rights and Grievances written by the Stamp Act Congress, that declared taxes imposed on British colonists without their formal consent was not constitutional. -
Dunmore's Proclamation
Dunmore's Proclamation or Emancipation Proclamation, was a document that stated slaves that served the British during the Revolutionary war would be freed. This was issued by governor and Scottish aristocrat John Murray, the Earl of Dunmore for the colony of Virginia. -
The Declaration of Independence
The Declaration of Independence is an the formal announcement written by Thomas Jefferson declaring the freedom of the thirteen American colonies from British rule. The Declaration of Independence would express ideas like all men are created equal and are entitled to "life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.", with rights that can't be taken away given to you when you were born know as "unalienable rights", -
Common Sense
Thomas Paine publishes his book “Common Sense,” giving arguments towards American independence. Common Sense described the kings monarchy as corrupt. He wanted people to think about how it is time for Americans to break away from British rule. He urged people to fight against the cruel and unreasonable ways of King George III and the British Parliament. Paine also argued the point of having a democratic government. -
The Articles of Confederation
It was a written document set to provide functions of the national government of the United States agreed by the 13 original colonies after independence from Great Britain. The constitution allowed a large amount of power go to states, therefore the federal government was too weak to enforce their laws leaving them with no power, and the borrowed money from Revolutionary War created a deft that America couldn't. -
Period: to
The Constitution
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The Two Plans
The Virginia Plan suggested a strong central government built on three branches: legislative, executive, and judicial the large states would support this plan, while smaller states would disagree with this plan.The New Jersey was an opinion as to how the United States would be governed. The Plan would allow each state to have one vote in Congress instead of the number of votes being based on population, this was called a unicameral legislature. -
Anti-Federalist
The Anti-Federalist were those who against the control of a strong federal government and the ratification of the Constitution in 1788, they would much have rather the power be granted to state and local governments.Anti-Federalists argued that the Constitution would give too much power to the federal government, and at same time still taking power away from state and local governments. This gave many concern for the federal government. -
The Federalist
The Federalists wanted a strong government along with strong executive branch. The Federalists opposed the bill of rights they felt that the new constitution would meet the qualification for a more than sufficient government. The Federalists would rapidly organize and gained some leverage over their opponents. Focusing primarily towards the states that preferred the need for a new and better national Constitution. -
The Branches of Government
Each has its own purposes, a part of that is a system of checks and balances not allowing one branch to have too much power. First, The legislative branch, which is the Congress, including the House of Representatives and the Senate. They make the laws. Then there's the executive branch, which made of the cabinet they who enforce the laws. Finally, The judicial branch branch is made up of the Supreme Court and other courts, and its job is to interpret the laws. -
The Constitutional Covention
Delegates from states called for the Constitutional Convention to consider changes to the Articles of Confederation. They agreed upon a national government and fundamental laws, and with certainty of specific basic rights for its citizens. The Virginia Plan was a proposal by Virginia delegates for the first bicameral legislative system, and The small states will want all states to have same number of representatives, but The big states wanted representation based on population. -
The Northwest Ordinance
It was a mandate for northwestern territories, giving a way for creating orderly procedures for the settlement and admission of new states to the Union, which also protected civil rights and outlawed slavery in these new territories. Eventually dividing into several states of the Mid West.This territory included all the land of the United States west of Pennsylvania and northwest of the Ohio River. -
Shay's Rebellion
A rebellion sparkled by Daniel Shay, that was the result of the American Revolutionary War and the massive debt it left behind.
Poor farmers from western Massachusetts that were against state and local enforcement high taxes followed Daniel Shays in a pursuit to seize the arms stockpiled at the Springfield Armory. It lasted half a year, threatening with the economic situation of the wealthy business men. Shays' Rebellion showed that their government was to weak. -
Charter Colonies
One of the three British colonies in America (Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island) governed by royal charter without direct regulation from the British. The charter was a document that gave colonies the legal rights to exist. A charter is a document, that gave certain rights on to town. In the charter colonies, Britain granted a charter to the colonial government establishing the rules under which the colony was to be governed. -
Period: to
New Republican
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The District of Columbia
Congress created the federal district from land between the states of Maryland and Virginia. The signing of the Residence Act, approved the development of a capital district located along the Potomac River on the country's East Coast Known as Washington D.C.. established by the Constitution of the United States to serve as the nation's capital. -
The Second Great Awakening
Protestant religious revival in the United States, membership increased Baptist and Methodist believers .In addition to a religious movement, movements for temperance, abolition, and women's rights also grew in antebellum America. The temperance movement push for people to quit drinking alcoholic in order to control the abuse. the Abolitionist Movement would be many pushing for the emancipation of slaves on religious grounds. -
The Whiskey Rebllion
The Whiskey Rebellion was a protest, caused by a tax on whisky.The tax was enforced by the secretary of treasury, Alexander Hamilton in order to get rid of the countries national debt. This rebellion would be the first test of the new federal authority during George Washington's presidency. So, President Washington would personally lead the United States militia westward to stop the rebels, but as a result the Federalist Party lost the support of the people. -
Bank of United States
The bank was created to handle the colossal war debt and to develop a standard form of currency. Thomas Jefferson was against this bank. Jefferson thought states should charter banks that could give money, believing that the Constitution did not give the government the power to start a bank, but of course Hamilton disagreed. Eventually the national bank would be deemed unconstitutional because of the would it left to the federal government. -
The Bill of Rights
On December 15, 1791, by three-fourths of the state legislatures, ratified the first 10 amendments of the Constitution, known as the Bill of Rights.The first 10 amendments to the Constitution make up the Bill of Rights. Written by James Madison as a way to ensure constitutional protection to citizens of the United States, the Bill of Rights lists important and clear restriction of one civil liberties. -
Charles Grandison Finney
Charles Grandison Finney (August 29, 1792 – August 16, 1875) was an American Presbyterian minister and leader in the Second Great Awakening in the United States. He has been called The Father of Modern Revivalism. Revivalism is increased spiritual interest or renewal in the life of a church congregation or society, with a local, national or global effect. Also a Congregationalist, minister and religious writer, Finney's significance was in innovative preaching and service procedure. -
The Cotton Gin
Inventor Eli Whitney, created the cotton gin, a machine that advanced the production of cotton. It sped up the process of removing seeds in cotton fiber, allowing for much more efficiency than hand done separation. These fibers were then processed into multiple cotton goods like linens, while the rest went of the cotton is used largely for textiles like clothing. This would bring about an lage impact on the use of slavery. -
The Adam's Presidency
When George Washington didn't run for his third term, Adams was elected President, and became the second President of the United States. Adams also became the first president to be associated with a party. The Federalist Party was formed while George Washington was President. During Quincy Adams' presidency a confrontation known as the XYZ Affair, which was between the United States and France that led to a war called the Quasi-War. -
The Kentucky Resolution
Madison wanted other states would their disapproval of the Alien and Sedition Acts, because it was not in Congresses power to do so. The Kentucky Resolutions was made by Thomas Jefferson, completely challenging Madison's Virginia resolution, saying that states have the power to nullify any and all unconstitutional federal laws. The Alien and Sedition act were considered unconstitutional because it violated the First Amendment. -
The Election of 1800
Jefferson won the presidential election of 1800. This win brought about Democratic-Republican Party rule and the eventual demise of the Federalist Party in the First Party System. Issues behind this election were the tax imposed by Congress to pay for the new army and the navy in the Quasi-War against France in 1798, and the Alien and Sedition acts, by which Federalists were trying resist. -
Industrialization vs. Agriculture
The economy of the North was based on manufacturing and industry. Many immigrants from Europe began working in factories and producing goods used by people in the North, increasing its population to be greater than the south's, and allowing for enlisting during the war. The economy of the South was based on agriculture based on slave labor, with their cash crop "cotton". Uniquely, the south's generals were better like Robert E. Lee, army commander of the Confederate States of America. -
Period: to
The Age of Jefferson
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Period: to
Westward Expansion
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Millennialism
Transcendentalism was the philosophical movement that started in the late 1820s and 1830s . Beginning as an opinionated voicing against the general state of intellectualism and spirituality at the time. The movement would then be built on on three things. These three key elements were (civil disobedience, self-reliance, and nonconformity) used in order to convey the meaning and purpose of transcendentalism to society. -
Th Battle of New Orleans
Under the command of General Andrew Jackson, American forces successfully withstood against British forces. Even the though war was officially over, and The Treaty of Ghent had been signed, battles would continue because those in the battles had not received knowledge until January 18. By then all of the British forces had retreated, finally putting an end to the Battle of New Orleans. The Battle of New Orleans would make Andrew Jackson a war hero. -
The War of 1812
The Americans opposed the British Empire cutting off their trade and taking their sailors to serve on British ships. Also multiple economic advances taken by the British and French against the US in order to prevent aiding of any kind during the Napoleonic Wars and American angry at the British practice of impressment. The Americans would win this and The Treaty of Ghent would be signed ending the War of 1812 between. -
Period: to
American Industrial Revolution
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Frederick Douglas
An abolitionist, writer and orator Frederick Douglass was the most important black American leader of the nineteenth century. Born Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey on Maryland's Eastern Shore, he was the son of a slave woman and, probably, her white master. He became one of the most famous intellectuals of his time, advising presidents and lecturing to thousands on a range of causes, including women's rights. -
The Adams-Onís Treaty
Adams-Onís Treaty was an agreement between the United States and Spain. Arranged by secretary of state John Quincy Adams and Spanish minister Luis de Onís, Spain would give up its land east of the Mississippi River and ties to the Oregon Territory Spain also in 1819 that ceded Florida to the U.S.; the US fall into a debt of $5 million and gave up ties to Texas. This would define the boundary between the U.S. and New Spain. -
McCulloch v. Maryland
McCulloch v. Maryland is one of the most important Supreme Court cases on federal power. Andrew McCulloch, a banker working in the Bank of the United States, refused to pay the tax. The State of Maryland would then sue. The Supreme Court ruled that Congress had implied powers to create the Second Bank of the United States and that the state of Maryland didn't have the power to tax the Bank. Necessary and Proper” Clause gave Congress the power to create a national bank. -
The Panic of 1819
The post-War of 1812 economic expansion had ended,and two years into his presidency, Monroe faced an economic situation. In fact, on first major economic depression in American history. Banks closed, houses and farms were foreclosed on, and nearly everyone was affected, and a fall in agriculture and manufacturing. This brought about distrust and the people loss of confidence in the U.S's financial stability. -
The Missouri Crisis
Attempting to maintain the balance of power in Congress between slave and free states, Congress passed the Missouri Compromise was passed in 1820, with admission of Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state. Missouri Compromise Line - 36 Degrees, 30 Minutes. No slavery would be allowed in any territory north of the 36°30' latitude line. This would eventually divide the country in two and be the basis of the civil war. -
Period: to
Cultural Change
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The Monroe Doctrine
James Monroe declaration before his presidency was know Monroe Doctrine. The Monroe Doctrine was a US policy, which says that any attempt by European countries to colonize land in the Americas would be seen as offensive to the United States. This doctrine was made with concerns over the chance of European colonial expansion in the Americas. Britain even feared that Spain would attempt to reclaim its former colonies. -
The Election of 1824
Adams was well known for his great political aptitude, intelligence and deep patriotism. John Quincy Adams was elected President on . The election was the only one in history to be decided by the House of Representatives . It said that Clay, the Speaker of the House, convinced Congress to elect Adams, in return Adams would make Clay his Secretary of State. Jackson's enraged would swear his vengeance, this became known as the "corrupt bargain" -
Temperance Movement
The country's first serious anti-alcohol movement grew out of a fervor for reform that swept the nation. Temperance advocates encouraged their fellow everyone to cut down on the amount of alcohol that Americans consumed. Before this, although there were pieces published on the frequent drunkenness of american men, and the suggestion on total abstinence from alcohol. The purpose became clear, for people to completely stop drinking all together. -
Jackson Administration
A lawyer and a landowner, and a national war hero after defeating the British in New Orleans during the War of 1812. With the support of the people and his campaign as the "common man" Andrew Jackson became the seventh president of the United States in 1828. After he was elected Jackson would appoint official based their personal relation to them that became known as the "spoils system". He also passed the Indian Removal Act, migrating 15,000 Indians, resulting in the death of 4000. -
Period: to
Age of Jackson
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Steam Powered Engines
The rivers provided the power for the factories. Once the steam engine was invented, factories could locate anywhere. They no longer had to be near rivers. where the first engines had been used to pump water from deep workings. A second impact of the steam engine on the Industrial Revolution was the impact it had on transportation. including steam powered locomotives. Steam locomotives are vehicles that run on rails or tracks and are powered by steam engines. -
The Telegraph
The telegraph advanced long-distance communication. It was a electric based telecommunication invention, that would be done by sending electrical signals through a wire between stations. This device would be created by Samuel Morse, along with the Morse Code system. During the Civil War, over 15,000 miles of telegraph cable would be use for military purposes. This allowed President Lincoln would regularly visit the Telegraph Office to get the latest news. -
Slavery
The Abolitionist movement in the United States of America started as way to end the with struggle slavery, ironically in a nation that believed “all men are created equal.” So in addition to that, The Anti-Slavery Society was created, which was an abolitionist society founded by William Lloyd Garrison, and Arthur Tappan, and Frederick Douglass. Being a small minority of Americans who wanted the emancipation of the slaves and equal rights for African-Americans. -
The Election of 1832
For the first time, the major political parties had assemblies to nominate their candidates. Democrat Andrew Jackson was again nominated and was opposed by the Republican and Henry Clay, also the addition of a third party, the Anti-Masons. Jackson made the decision that the government would no longer fund the Second Bank of the United States, and he did this by, he set out to lower the bank's power. -
The Oregon Trail
The Oregon Trail was trail the only accessible land route in order for settlers to get to the West Coast. Beginning in Missouri, the trail stretch all the way to Oregon. Around 20,000 people will die on the Oregon Trail from different illnesses and diseases like Typhoid, Mountain fever, cholera, the flu, measles, and smallpox. Other deaths would be the result of accidents, Indian attacks, supply shortages, weather, drowning, disease, and terrain. -
The Election of 1836
Election of 1836. Martin Van Buren was the particular decision of Andrew Jackson and faced no struggle for the Democratic nomination. For the first time ever the vice-presidential candidate received a majority of the electoral votes cast in 1836. But shortly into his presidency, The Panic of 1837 would happen, a financial disaster in the U.S. that caused a major recession that lasted until the mid-1840s. -
Texas
Mexico wanted to keep Texas, and Van Buren didn't want to add another slave state to the Union.Texas by itself would try to gain its independence. The Battle of San Jacinto,Texas, was the significant battle of the Texas Revolution. Led by General Sam Houston, the Texian Army defeated General Antonio López de Santa Anna's Mexican army. Stephen F. Austin established the first Anglo-American colony in the Texas territory of Mexico. -
The First Police Force
In 1833, Philadelphia organized an independent, 24-hour police force. In 1838, the Boston Police force was established, with a day police and night watch working independently. New York City followed suit in 1844, becoming the New York City Police Department in 1845. and Chicago in 1851, New Orleans and Cincinnati in 1853, Philadelphia in 1855, and Newark, NJ and Baltimore in 1857 (Harring 1983, Lundman 1980; Lynch 1984). -
Lowell Mills
The Waltham-Lowell system was a labor and production model employed in the United States,during the American textile industry. By 1840, the factories in Lowell employed around 8,000 textile workers, known as "mill girls". While hear women would secretly learn to read and write. Mill owners reduced wages and speed up the pace of work. The women would organized to a protest for wage cuts. When it was announced that the wages were to be cut down. -
The Election of 1840
The election of 1840 was the first campaign with slogans, songs, and modern campaign. William Henry Harrison became President of the United States, but While his presidency was short lived, because of his death he had the shortest lived president in history. President Martin Van Buren fight for re-election against an economic depression after being blamed for it. After Harrison's death John Tyler was the first vice president to become president due the death of his predecessor. -
Manifest Destiny
Manifest destiny was a belief in the United States that its settlers were destined to expand throughout the continent. This greatly increased United States' size, making it much larger and even more prosperous. Many also believed that Manifest Destiny was their god given right. This idea only grew when completion of the Transcontinental Railroad. Also that pioneers west had the opportunity to buy land. -
Slavery
Being designed to not allow slavery into the land acquired as a result of the Mexican War; the Wilmot Proviso provided an grant of $2 million to allowing Polk to negotiate a territorial settlement with Mexico, the terms of a treaty. Popular sovereignty allowed the settlers of territories to choose their status as free or slave state. The Kansas-Nebraska Act allowed white male settlers in Kansas and Nebraska to decide, through popular sovereignty, -
Battles of The Mexican-American War
The flag had an image of a California grizzly bear and this would be become the Bear Flag,hung by the men who became known as the "Bear Flaggers". Under Captain John C. Frémont, with of 100 to 200 men of Republic's military. During the Bear Flag Revolt, Americans in California would rebel against the Mexican government and declaring California independent. It was short-lived independence rebellion started by Americans. -
Mexican American War
It was a war between the United States and Mexico over the annexation of Texas in 1845. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ended the U.S.-Mexican War, and the Mexican Cession occurs, where Mexico sells land to the US. Texas originally gained its independence from Mexico in 1836, but the United States declined Texas' admission into the union, having to deal with northern political morals were against the addition of a another slave state. -
The Election of 1848
It was won by General Zachary Taylor accompanied by the Whig Party, who would run against Lewis Cass of the Democratic Party and former president Martin Van Buren of the Free Soil Party.The Free Soil Party wold play a part in the election of 1848, They would gain a portion of votes through the use of an anti-slavery approach. This would be enough votes Lewis Cass, the Democratic candidate, to lose. -
Women's Suffrage
Equal rights for women was an amendment that still hadn't been ratified, and only men could vote, this was mainly due to most people believing that women were not as smart when involving politics and the decision made in them. In 1848, a group of abolitionist activists that were mostly women, but some men attended the Seneca Falls Convention, in New York to discuss issues about women's rights, with leaders of the movement like Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and Lucy Stone. -
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Sectionalism
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California Gold Rush
The California Gold Rush was the largest mass migration in U.S. history with a total of 300,000 people moving to California. The Gold Rush, along with the population increase, led to California's admission into the nation as a free state. During the Gold Rush the Chinese worked as laborers in the mining industry, and suffered racial discrimination at every level of society.The Chinese Exclusion Act was a United States federal law, prohibiting all immigration of Chinese laborers. -
The Western Frontier
By 1840 close to 7 million Americans had moved westward in an attempt to claim land and becoming wealthy, and the United States almost tripled in size. In the 1800s, the land west of the United States was untouched, and expansion brought with it the idea that (Indians and Mexicans) were inferior. Westward expansion on Native Americans included the relocation of Native Americans to reservations, a down grade to what they once had. -
The Republican Party
The Republican Party traces goes back all they way to the 1850s, when antislavery leader from parties such as Democrats, Whigs, and Free-Soilers joined together in the fight against slavery, proposing the Kansas-Nebraska act. The members ultimately wanted to abolish slavery, and they gained this opportunity when Abraham Lincoln was elected president in of the United States in 1860, Becoming the first Republican president. -
Underground Railroad
An Underground Railroad station, a community that was an important carrying point for fugitive slaves on their way north. They would use safe houses in order to lay low and hide for a while , these were called station. The railroad only required that they get north so Sometimes passengers stopped when they reached a free state like Pennsylvania, New Jersey, or Ohio. Some of the escape slaves after 1850 would travel all the way to Canada. -
The Election of 1852
Franklin Pierce became the 14th president. Pierce was a northern Democrat who saw the abolitionist movement as a fundamental threat to the unity of the nation, Pierce was for the South and the right to own slaves. Pierce would endorse The Young America Movement, an American political and cultural attitude in the mid-19th century. The group was formed as a political organization in 1845 by Edwin de Leon and George Henry Evans. -
Kansas-Nebraska Act
The Kansas-Nebraska Act would allow each territory to choose its status on the issue of slavery with the use of popular sovereignty. This would drive Pro-slavery and anti-slavery settlers to Kansas, each side trying to sway the results of the first election held after the law went into effect. Following this rush the period of violence known as Bleeding Kansas, and helped carve the way for the American Civil War. Kansas deciding slavery would repeal the Missouri Compromise. -
The Black Codes
The Black Codes were sets of laws passed in individual states after the Civil War reducing African Americans' freedom, causing them to work in a labor economy based on low wages. Following the end of the Civil War, Southern states enacted these codes that allowed African Americans certain rights, such as legalized marriage, ownership of property, but limited access to the courts, also denying them the rights to testify against whites, or to serve on juries. -
The Confederate States of America
The south was on its last straw, so with the election in 1860 of Abraham Lincoln,a president that is apart an anti-slavery party. South Carolina would secede from the Union and many other southern states would follow . Confederate States of America was made up of governments from eleven different southern states that seceded from the Union in 1860-61, existing with affairs as a separate government and fighting throughout the Civil War. -
The Election of 1860
During the Election of 1860, slavery was a huge problem, dividing the U.S. in two, with the northerners against slavery and the southerners for it. Lincoln, of Republican Party, again faced Douglas, who represented the Northern party of the greatly split Democratic Party, along with Breckinridge and Bell. This election would make southerners fear that his election would lead to its and slavery's fall, and would leave the Union if he was elected. -
The Neutral Border States
Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, Missouri, West Virginia, Tennessee, Kansas and Kentucky were all border states during the Civil War. Lincoln considered Kentucky's loyalty to the Union a factor in winning the Civil War.The North's politics and economics had a greater pull than that of the South, making more states lean towards the North. The border states were vital because of positions and whether their loyalty lied with the North or the South. -
The Trent Affair
The Trent Affair was a diplomatic problem that was between the United States and Great Britain during the Civil War. This was all because of the Confederacy, who hoped they would receive support of England or France for the cause of the Confederacy. In desperation, The Confederacy would use a cotton trade embargo against the Britain. This method would pressure the Britain and France to support the Confederate war effort. -
The Civil War
This was the first major land battle of the armies in Virginia, the Battle of Mananas or Bull Run.The Battle of Gettysburg, was a Union victory that stopped Confederate General Robert E. Lee's second invasion of the North. More than 50,000 men fell as casualties during the 3-day battle.The Gettysburg Address was a speech created for Abraham Lincoln's dedication to of Soldier's National Cemetery, a cemetery for Union soldiers killed at the Battle Of Gettysburg. -
Armies
The Army of the Potomac was the principal Union Army, General George Meade became the commander of the Army of the Potomac. The Army of Northern Virginia was the primary military force of the Confederate States of America, with Robert E. Lee at its head. It was also the primary command structure of the Department of Northern Virginia. It was most often arrayed against the Union Army of the Potomac. -
Leaders of the War
Civilian military leaders. Jefferson Davis was named provisional president, and had the responsibilities related to commander-in-chief responsibilities like Lincoln, and the South's generals Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson. Abraham Lincoln the president of the Union and his generals Ulysses S. Grand and George Mcclellan. General George Mcclellan leading the Army of the Potomac during the early years of the civil war. -
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The Civil War
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Changes in Transportation
Industrial Revolution was based on the capability to transport raw materials and finished goods over long distances. Steamboats had a good effect on the world, making the transportation of goods more smooth. Canals were intended to carry either heavy goods, or for the transport of fragile products, like glass and china, and the transcontinental railroad would allowed for the transportation of goods over long distances. -
Lincolns Politics
Lincoln during the civil war suspend the right of habeas corpus, to ensure public safety in the event of rebellion or invasion. Lincoln would also pass the Conscription Act, demanding a mandatory enlistment of Union citizens. Inadditon to that, Lincolns emancipation of slaves would cause Draft Riots during the Civil War, it showed the opinion of many Northerners towards blacks and towards the emancipation of slaves. -
The Election of 1864
Lincoln believed that he would lose his reelection in 1864. Lincoln would be running against former top Civil War general, the Democratic candidate, George B. McClellan. The country was tired of war and the Democratic Party's nominee, George McClellan, was likely to negotiate a peace treaty with the Confederacy if elected. As acting president he would appoint Ulysses S. Grant commander in chief of all Union armies, replacing McClellan. -
Andrew Johnson Administration
Andrew Johnson created a plan of Reconstruction that allowed the white South more power in controlling of the free blacks living in their communities, giving position of power through politics to blacks. The new president favored bring back of the seceded states quickly to the Union. By showing sympathetic pity to all who would take an oath of loyalty. The House of Representatives would then impeach the President for high crimes and misdemeanors. -
Freedom Amendments
The Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution would formally abolished slavery. The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution stated that all people born in the United States are American citizens even including African Americans. The 15th Amendment of the Constitution would grant African American men the right to vote, and this was important when it came to election because the black mans vote was needed. -
The Assassination of President Lincoln
John Wilkes Booth entered the presidential box at Ford's Theater in Washington D.C., and shot him in the back of his head, Lincoln was then carried across the street, where he died the very next morning. After doing it, John Wilkes Booth, shouted, The South is avenged,”. John Wilkes Booth is killed when Union soldiers find him in a farm in Virginia 12 days after he assassinated President Abraham Lincoln. -
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Reconstruction
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Grant Administration
Under the Presidency if Ulysses S. Grant, american would experience a scandalous corruption. These scandals greatly contributed to ruining Grant's reputation as a president. Ulysses is thought of to be incapable of leading his nation, due to his lack of successes during Reconstruction and his inefficiency to control the corruption happening with his own administration. Particularly the Black Friday and the Whiskey Ring scandals. -
The Panic of 1873
Panic of 1873 in the United States was the result of an even bigger internationally wide depression, happening in places like Europe. After the Civil War, the United States had enjoyed a period of great economic growth. This panic would come with even more effects, 1873 would diminish the Republican Party, allowing Democrats into House of Representatives. The financial situation would be another reason as to the end of Reconstruction. -
The Jim Crow Laws
The Jim Crow laws were a number of laws forcing racial segregation amongst whites and blacks. The "Jim Crow" laws provided legal system for segregation and discrimination towards African Americans. In 1875, the Enforcement Act, or the Civil Rights Act of 1875 was passed by 'Radical Republicans' in an effort to end Jim Crow laws. State constitutions—mandated the segregation in places like of public schools, public places, and restrooms. -
The Compromise of 1877
The Compromise of 1877 would place Rutherford Hayes into office as the nation's 19th president. A deal was resolved in order the south to do as they pleased, which giving every electoral vote to Hayes. In return for the Democrats', and their part of the bargain with Hayes's election, the Republicans would pull back federal troops from the South to end allowing for more the South's freedom, and officially ending Reconstruction Era of the United States. -
Changes in Transportation
Industrial Revolution depended on the ability to transport raw materials and finished goods over long distances. Steamboats positively effected the world because they made the transportation of goods more efficient and economical. -
Millennialism
Millennialism, was the belief by a religious, social, or political group or movement in an approaching transformation of society. Joseph Smith created The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and becoming its first president, but Smith would soon declared martial law, leading to charges of treason against Illinois. While in jail awaiting trial, Smith was killed by a mob.
