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Gutenberg was working on a printing machine and had bought materials for it. After a few years, Gutenberg borrowed money and improved his invention, convincing a wealthy to man invest in it. However, they eventually had a fight and went to court, which Fust won and Gutenberg owed him money. But this actually helped Gutenberg and he was able to keep making his printing machine for many more years.
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Da Vinci was born in Anchiano, Tuscany (now Italy), in 1452, close to the town of Vinci that provided the surname we associate with him today. In his own time he was known just as Leonardo or as “Il Florentine,” since he lived near Florence—and was famed as an artist, inventor and thinker
https://www.history.com/topics/renaissance/leonardo-da-vinci -
Fall of Constantinople, (May 29, 1453), conquest of Constantinople by Sultan Mehmed II of the Ottoman Empire. The dwindling Byzantine Empire came to an end when the Ottomans breached Constantinople's ancient land wall after besieging the city for 55 days.
https://www.britannica.com/event/Fall-of-Constantinople-1453 -
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The Catholic Monarchs, Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile, were the first rulers of a unified Spain after their marriage in 1469. They were given the formal title of Reyes Católicos (Catholic Kings) by Pope Alexander VI in 1494 for their achievements, including the reconquest of Granada from the Moors (1481-92), their New World discoveries (1492), https://www.britannica.com/topic/Catholic-Monarchs
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Caravaggio, byname of Michelangelo Merisi, (born September 29, 1571, Milan or Caravaggio [Italy]—died July 18/19, 1610, Porto Ercole, Tuscany), leading Italian painter of the late 16th and early 17th centuries who became famous for the intense and unsettling realism of his large-scale religious works. While most other Italian artists of his time slavishly followed the elegant balletic conventions of late Mannerist painting
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Caravaggio -
The explorer Christopher Columbus made four trips across the Atlantic Ocean from Spain: in 1492, 1493, 1498 and 1502. He was determined to find a direct water route west from Europe to Asia, but he never did. Instead, he stumbled upon the https://www.history.com/topics/exploration/christopher-columbus -
The Reconquista was a centuries-long series of battles by Christian states to expel the Muslims (Moors), who from the 8th century ruled most of the Iberian Peninsula. Visigoths had ruled Spain for two centuries before they were overrun by the Umayyad empire.https://www.britannica.com/event/Reconquista#:~:text=What%20was%20the%20Reconquista%3F,overrun%20by%20the%20Umayyad%20empire. -
The 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas neatly divided the "New World" into land, resources, and people claimed by Spain and Portugal. The red vertical line cutting through eastern Brazil represents the divide.https://www.nationalgeographic.org/thisday/jun7/treaty-tordesillas/#:~:text=The%201494%20Treaty%20of%20Tordesillas,eastern%20Brazil%20represents%20the%20divide. -
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Joan, also known as Joan The Mad or Juana La Loca, was queen of Castile and Aragon, but her husband, father, and son wielded power. She was the third child of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile, and upon the deaths of her elder siblings, she became the heiress. Joan married Philip of Burgundy to secure allies against France, and they had six children, including Charles V,.https://www.britannica.com/biography/Joan-queen-of-Castile-and-Aragon
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John Calvin, French Jean Calvin or Jean Cauvin, (born July 10, 1509, Noyon, Picardy, France—died May 27, 1564, Geneva, Switzerland), theologian and ecclesiastical statesman. He was the leading French Protestant reformer and the most important figure in the second generation of the Protestant Reformation.https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Calvin#:~:text=John%20Calvin%2C%20French%20Jean%20Calvin,generation%20of%20the%20Protestant%20Reformation.
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Charles V, (born February 24, 1500, Ghent, Flanders [now in Belgium]—died September 21, 1558, San Jerónimo de Yuste, Spain), Holy Roman emperor (1519–56), king of Spain (as Charles I; 1516–56), and archduke of Austria (as Charles I; 1519–21), who inherited a Spanish and Habsburg empire https://www.britannica.com/biography/Charles-V-Holy-Roman-emperor#:~:text=Charles%20V%2C%20(born%20February%2024,empire%20extending%20across%20Europe%20from
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In 1534 Parliament passed the Act of Supremacy which defined the right of Henry VIII to be supreme head on earth of the Church of England, thereby severing ecclesiastical links with Rome.https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/private-lives/religion/collections/common-prayer/act-of-supremacy/#:~:text=In%201534%20Parliament%20passed%20the,severing%20ecclesiastical%20links%20with%20Rome. -
The Council of Trent was the formal Roman Catholic reply to the doctrinal challenges of the Protestant Reformation. It served to define Catholic doctrine and made sweeping decrees on self-reform, helping to revitalize the Roman Catholic Church in the face of Protestant expansion https://www.britannica.com/event/Council-of-Trent#:~:text=The%20Council%20of%20Trent%20was,the%20face%20of%20Protestant%20expansion.
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Philip II was a member of the Habsburg dynasty. He served as king of the Spaniards from 1556 to 1598 and as king of the Portuguese (as Philip I) from 1580 to 1598. The Spanish empire under Philip prospered: it attained its greatest power, extent, and influence.https://www.britannica.com/biography/Philip-II-king-of-Spain-and-Portugal#:~:text=Philip%20II%20was%20a%20member,power%2C%20extent%2C%20and%20influence.
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Philip III, (born April 14, 1578, Madrid—died March 31, 1621, Madrid), king of Spain and of Portugal (as Philip II) whose reign (1598–1621) was characterized by a successful peaceful foreign policy in western Europe and internally by the expulsion of the Moriscos (Christians of Moorish ancestry)
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Philip-III-king-of-Spain-and-Portugal#:~:text=Philip%20III%2C%20(born%20April%2014,ancestry)%20and%20government%20by%20the -
Diego Velázquez was one of the most important Spanish painters of the 17th century, a giant of Western art. He had a keen eye and a prodigious facility with the brush. His works often show strong modeling and sharp contrasts of light, resembling the dramatic lighting technique called tenebrismhttps://www.britannica.com/biography/Diego-Velazquez#:~:text=Diego%20Vel%C3%A1zquez%20was%20one%20of,dramatic%20lighting%20technique%20called%20tenebrism.
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Philip IV was the king of Spain and Portugal from 1621 to 1665, during the decline of Spain as a world power. His chief minister, the Conde-Duque de Olivares, resumed hostilities against the Dutch and attempted to restore Spanish control in Europe during the first 22 years of his reign, in close alliance with the Habsburg dynasty.https://www.britannica.com/biography/Philip-IV-king-of-Spain-and-Portugal
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Charles II, byname Charles the Mad, Spanish Carlos El Hechizado, (born November 6, 1661, Madrid, Spain—died November 1, 1700, Madrid), king of Spain from 1665 to 1700 and the last monarch of the Spanish Habsburg dynasty.https://www.britannica.com/biography/Charles-II-king-of-Spain
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The War of Spanish Succession (1701-1714) was a conflict over the succession to the throne of Spain after the death of Charles II, who had no children and would be the last king of the Habsburg Dynasty to rule Spain. Both the House of Bourbon and the House of Habsburg had claims to the Spanish Empire.https://study.com/learn/lesson/war-spanish-succession-overview-history.html#:~:text=The%20War%20of%20Spanish%20Succession%20(1701%2D1714)%20was%20a,claims%20to%20the%20Spanish%20Empire.
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The French Revolution was a watershed event in world history that began in 1789 and ended in the late 1790s with the ascent of Napoleon Bonaparte. During this period, French citizens radically altered their political landscape, uprooting centuries-old institutions such as the monarchy and the feudal system.https://www.history.com/topics/european-history/french-revolution#:~:text=The%20French%20Revolution%20was%20a,monarchy%20and%20the%20feudal%20system.