-
Shorthand by Mail (Boston Gazette)
Shorthand by mail through Boston Gazette was a very early form of distance learning. Bozkurt points out how technology assists creations of an interdisciplinary field of distributing information from educators to massive amounts of students at equally as massive amounts of remote locations. [https://www.academia.edu/38973930/From_Distance_Education_to_Open_and_Distance_Learning_A_Holistic_Evaluation_of_History_Definitions_and_Theories] -
University of Chicago has Students and Educators at Different Locations.
University of Chicago may have been one of the first major United States programs that was established in which the teacher and learner correspondence from different locations took place. [http://members.aect.org/edtech/ed1/13/13-02.html] -
Signs of the Origination of the Term Open Education.
Signs of the origination of the term Open Education in a comprehensive review of distance education during technological advances and eLearning and on-line education. The Open Educational Resources (OER) is identified as an a tight-knit network making progress in the learning and distance education field. The 1990’s are identified in this piece as a prominent time in the development of open learning and OER. [https://search.informit.org/doi/epdf/10.3316/informit.559484986005434] -
Differentiate the terms DE and ODL
Researchers attempt to differentiate the terms DE and ODL, as they are not exactly interchangeable regarding method vs. permissions/policies. [https://www.academia.edu/38973930/From_Distance_Education_to_Open_and_Distance_Learning_A_Holistic_Evaluation_of_History_Definitions_and_Theories] [https://www.igi-global.com/chapter/online-and-distance-education-in-the-era-of-rampant-technological-revolution/227915] -
A Decade of Development…David Wiley introduced the term open content and introduced the concept by analogy with open source.
In 1998 David Wiley introduced the term open content and introduced the concept by analogy with open source. [http://blogs.cetis.org.uk/cetisli/2015/05/11/moocs-and-open-education-timeline-updated/] [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02680510802627746] -
Period: to
MIT OCW
MIT has made massive strides in the online open classroom distribution of educational material for over 20 years.
(see OCW by MIT)[https://ocw.mit.edu/about/milestones] [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0aAEamhJHUI&t=306s] -
David Cormier Reached Well Over 100,000 People Over the Course of 2006-2007.
Participants didn't receive credit from taking the public offerings by each university which was offering its own onsite as well as its online components. David Cormier had yet to coin the term MOOC yet and Connectivist principles and that term/process were being developed in sync. [https://www.hastac.org/blogs/cathy-davidson/2013/09/27/what-was-first-mooc] [http://davecormier.com/edblog/2008/10/02/the-cck08-mooc-connectivism-course-14-way/] -
Period: to
Wikiversity is Formed
The official data phase of Wikiversity began on August 15, 2006, allowing e-learning for free. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikiversity] -
Stephen Downes and George Siemens Hosted an "Open" Online Course using the Connectivist Approach.
In 2008, Stephen Downes and George Siemens hosted an online course using the connectivist approach to open learning via a digital platform to share their information. [https://learningtheorygroupprojecttie535.weebly.com/siemens--downes.html] [https://www.learning-theories.com/connectivism-siemens-downes.html] -
Period: to
MOOCs Timeline (up to 2015) According to Postsecondary National Policy Institute (PNPI)
Udacity, Coursera, edX, Futurelearn, Open2study, and iversity are just a few MOOCs which flurished starting in 2008.
[https://pnpi.org/massive-open-online-courses-moocs-a-background-primer/] -
Course at Stanford Taught on Artificial Intelligence that had 160,000 online registrants.
Some people believe that Sebastian Thrun and Peter Norvig developed the first MOOC in 2011 when they taught an artificial intelligence course at Stanford for 160,000 online participants. [https://pnpi.org/massive-open-online-courses-moocs-a-background-primer/] [https://www.hastac.org/blogs/cathy-davidson/2013/09/27/what-was-first-mooc][https://www.npr.org/sections/alltechconsidered/2012/01/23/145645472/stanford-takes-online-schooling-to-the-next-academic-level] -
Evolution of Open Learning. (Li, K. C. (2018). Knowledge Management & E-Learning, 10(4), 408–425)
Definitions of Open Learning between 1991 and 2000 including open access to learning opportunities, free/minimize barriers, flexible study methods, pace, and assessment, wide range of teaching/learning technologies, learner centered recognition of prior learning (RPL), and online courses.[https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1247658.pdf#:~:text=In%20the%20development%20and%20evolution%20of%20open%20learning,in%20the%20technology%20of%20open%20learning%20%28Tait%2C%202000%29] -
OCW by MIT
MIT clearly defines their role in preparing material and then providing it to the public at no cost. The part I found most helpful was a detailed timeline of their history defining steps MIT was critical in to advance open learning. MIT documents OCW’s announcement of the introduction by way of the NewYork Times in 2001 through celebrating two decades in 2021. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0aAEamhJHUI&t=306s] [https://ocw.mit.edu/about/milestones/]