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Muhammad Ali seizes power in Egypt and establishes a separate Egyptian state.
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Ferdinand de Lesseps signs a contract to begin building the Suez Canal.
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Revolt against foreign influence breaks out in Egypt, suppressed by Britain. Egypt becomes a British protectorate.
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Muhammad Ahmad, known as the Mahdi, launches a revolt in Sudan.
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Muhammad Ahmad's troops wipe out General Charles Gordon's army at Khartoum.
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Italian invading forces are defeated in their attempt to take over Ethiopia.
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France establishes a protectorate over much of Morocco.
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Great Britain, France, Germany, Belgium, Italy, Spain, and Portugal have divided up Africa, except for Liberia and Ethiopia