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Belgium, which had been annexed to the former Dutch Republic in 1815, rebelled and created an independent state.
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The forces of change—liberalism and nationalism—began to break through the conservative domination of Europe.
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Charles X in 1830 and established a constitutional monarchy. Louis-Philippe, a cousin of Charles X, took the throne. Political support for the new monarch came from the upper-middle class.
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Severe economic problems beginning in 1846 brought untold hardship in France to the lower middle class, workers, and peasants. At the same time, members of the middle class clamored for the right to vote.
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A revolt broke out against the Austrians in Lombardy and Venetia.
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In May 1848, an all-German parliament, called the Frankfurt Assembly, was held to fulfill a liberal and nationalist dream—the preparation of a constitution for a new united Germany.
P. (2012, April 8). Italian and German unification. Retrieved October 27, 2016, from http://www.slideshare.net/paquisms/italian-and-german-unification-12313581 -
Vienna, revolutionary forces took control of the capital and demanded a liberal constitution.
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Popular revolts started upheavals that led to liberal constitutions and liberal governments.
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The Hungarians sought their freedom from the Austrians.
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Hungarian revolutionaries were finally subdued.
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Revolutionaries in other Italian states also took up arms and sought to create liberal constitutions and a unified Italy. Italy was divided in states: the Kingdom of Piedmont in the north; the Two Sicilies (Naples and Sicily); the Papal States.
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The Austrians had reestablished complete control over Lombardy and Venetia. For the information we used the book link
https://connected.mcgraw-hill.com/ssh/book.lesson.do?bookId=GBOPBD8V7SE4BQOSJPRBQQ4HJQ&nodeId=TBXDCQXWY4Q4Z1ZOPVNB8JYK3Y
