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The sumerians were dominant in the third millenium BC. Independent cities were ruled by high priests in this period.
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In about 2,330 BC, Akkadian King Sargon I conquered Sumer and founded the Akkadian Empire.
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The Chaldeans ruled during the Neo Babylonian Empire. The most important King was Nebuchadnezzar II.
The city of Babylon, ruled by Hammuraby, became dominant in about 1,800 BC. -
Between 1,356 and 612 BC, the Assyrians dominated Mesopotamia. They created the Assyrian Empire. Ashurbanipal, their great King, conquered many territoires.