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Enslaved Africans were bought and sold like chattel for almost 300 years in the colonial and early years of American history.
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Originating from a character from a Minstrel show, Jim Crow was a caricature of Blacks that depicted them as lazy, simple and always happy.
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The Republican Party, in their Platform of 1860, in #'s 8-9, state that slavery is a crime against humanity and every citizen has a right to be free.
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Hiester Clymen, Governor of Pennsylvania, viewed Reconstruction and the Freedman's Bureau as a burden to law abiding white citizens.
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The Plessy v. Ferguson case solidified the legal practice of discrimination in both private and public places.
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The Great Migration took place from 1916-1970.
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As a result of Plessy v. Ferguson, separate did not always mean equal. That practice reached far beyond public facilities; Blacks were also not treated equally in a court of law.
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Riots from Illinois to Texas ensued as a result of violent racist acts against Blacks by whites. Fed up with Jim Crow and segregation laws, Blacks began to retaliate against white attacks which resulted in many deaths and arrests.
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The sudden explosion in the Black population in Northern cities brought both hope and despair for Black migrants.
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The Negro National League was created by Andrew “Rube” Foster in 1920. The league, which was headquartered in Kansas City, included eight teams—The Chicago American Giants, Chicago Giants, Cuban Stars, Dayton Marcos, Detroit Stars, Indianapolis ABCs, Kansas City Monarchs and St. Louis Giants.
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Minstrel shows were comprised of whites who painted their faces Blacks and depicted Black character in a negative light for the sake of entertainment.
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Written by lawyer, civil rights advocate and law professor, Michelle Alexander has identified the mass incarceration of minorities here in American as the New Jim Crow system of legal segregation.
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