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The Umayyad Conquest of Iberia occurred less than a century after the rise of Islam. General Tariq ibn-Ziyad is in charge. The Islamic Golden Age emerged, a period of innovation, creativity, and culture. with a region that is now collectively referred to as Al-Andalus. Timetoast -
Al-Andalus was the Muslim-ruled area of the Iberian Peninsula. Its territory occupied most of the peninsula and a part of present-day southern France. Timetoast -
Abd al-Rahman I escaped to Spain where he rebuilt the capital of Cordoba, and established rule there. Timetoast -
Abd al-Rahman I established the emirate of Cordoba, founding the Umayyad dynasty of Spain. Timetoast -
Al-Hakam II's passing in 976 marked the beginning of the caliphate's downfall. Later on, the new ruler didn't rule its kingdom well so it made it worse. Timetoast -
Ramiro I inherited the Kingdom of Aragon after Sancho III of Navarre divided it, and there were sporadic unions between Aragon and Navarre up to Alfonso the Battler's death in 1135.
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Ferdinand, Count of Castile, killed and defeated his brother-in-law Vermudo III, King of León, in the Battle of Tamarón on September 4, 1037, allowing Ferdinand to ascend to the crown.
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The Castilians, who had El Cid's support, won over the Leónese in this conflict during Sancho II's ownership. Alfonso VI of León launched a war against Badajoz, a Muslim, but later withdrew.
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The "Victory of Toledo" is most often used to refer to King Alfonso VI of León and Castile's 1085 conquest of Toledo. Toledo had been a key center of Muslim authority in the Iberian Peninsula, therefore this event represented a huge Christian victory during the Reconquista. The victory of Toledo was important to the Christian retaking of Spain.
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Alfonso VI used an uprising in Toledo as an opportunity in 1074, which resulted in Toledo's siege and ultimately capture on May 25, 1085. This increased his territory, allowed him to peacefully occupy other cities like Mayrit (modern-day Madrid), and defended his base of operations for further campaigns against Taifa kingdoms.
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Alfonso VI's soldiers were driven out by Yusuf ibn Tashfin's Almoravids in 1086, but their losses stopped them from capturing more territory, allowing Castile to keep Toledo and temporarily preventing Christian expansion.
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Valencia's conquest by El Cid in the 11th century was a significant Reconquista victory that resulted in the eviction of Muslims and established Valencia as an important Christian stronghold in the Iberian Peninsula.
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Toledo remained outside the control of the Almoravids despite a major Almoravid army under Tamin ibn-Yusuf's command trying to retake the Christian territory in 1108, which was met by a Leonese army under Count lvar Fáez. This resulted in a devastating defeat for the Christians, including the death of King Alfonso VI's son and heir, Sancho Alfónsez.
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Nicolas Eymeric joined the Dominican Order in 1334, then wrote on theology and philosophy and was appointed grand inquisitor about 1357. After that he made so many enemies resulting in him being removed from his position.
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Jews were getting killed and some converted out of fear.
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Pope Sixtus IV authorized the Spanish Inquisition at the request of Ferdinand and Isabella, the "Catholic Monarchs" of Spain) enforce religious uniformity and to expel Jews from Spain. Timetoast -
Twelve conversos were burned alive for practicing Judaism.
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"The Treaty of Granada was signed and ratified on November 25, 1491 between Boabdil, the sultan of Granada, and Ferdinand and Isabella, the King and Queen of Castile, León, Aragon and Sicily. The Capitulation of Granada effectively completed the Christian reconquest of Spain."
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The Alhambra Decree, also known as the Edict of the Expulsion of the Jews of Spain, was issued on March 31, 1492, by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella, and it ordered the expulsion of all Jews from their realms and territories.
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Martin Luther nails his "Ninety-Five Theses" and his theses challenged the authority of the Catholic Church. Timetoast