International conflicts in Mexico during the XIX century

By Fátima Portillo

  • Separation of Texas

    Separation of Texas
    It was the formal declaration of independence on March 2, 1836.Some of the causes were the end of the Mexican Constitution, the citizens felt more American than Mexican, and slavery.
    Location: Texas.
    Main characters: Antonio López de Santa Anna, Vicente Filisola, Martín Perfecto de Cos, Sam Houston, Stephen F. Austin, and George Fisher.

  • Pastry War

    Pastry War
    It was the first French intervention in Mexico, it began in November 1838 with the naval blockade of some Mexican ports. Foreigners whose property was damaged or destroyed by rioters or bandits were usually also unable to obtain compensation from the Mexican government and they began to appeal to their own governments for help and compensation.
    Location: México.
    Main characters: Louis Philippe I, Charles Baudin, Antonio López de Santa Anna, Guadalupe Victoria, and Mariano Arista.

  • War with the United States

    War with the United States
    Was an armed conflict between the United States of America and the United Mexican States, from 1846 to 1848. The war lasted ten years or a decade. It was after the American annexation of 1845 of the independent republic of Texas.
    Location: Texas, New Mexico, California; Northern, Central, and Eastern Mexico; Mexico City.
    Main characters: Antonio López de Santa Anna, Mariano Arista, Pedro de Ampudia, Nicolás Bravo, James K. Polk, Winfield Scott, and Zachary Taylor.

  • French Intervention

    French Intervention
    It was an invasion of Mexico in late 1861 by the Second French Empire, supported in the beginning by the United Kingdom and Spain. It followed President Benito Juárez's suspension of interest payments to foreign countries on 17 July 1861, which angered these three major creditors of Mexico.
    Location: México.
    Main characters: Benito Juárez, Napoleon III, and Maximilian I.

  • Second Empire with Maximilian

    Second Empire with Maximilian
    Mexico was under a monarchy declared by the Assembly of Notables, during the Second French intervention in Mexico. The assembly was created with the support of Napoleon III of France. A referendum confirmed the Austrian archduke Ferdinand Maximilian as Mexican emperor.
    Location: México.
    Main characters: Emperor Maximilian I of Mexico, Napoleon III of France, Empress Carlota of Mexico, Benito Juárez, and a group of the Conservatives.