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Period: 65 to 66
Chicago freedom campaign
MLK hoped to bring about ghetto improvements and halt the increasing tendency towards black radicalism and violence. Kings strategy was to draw media attention to discrimination in housing. He led to reporters around rat-infested ghetto dwellings that were freezing in winter and boiling in summer. The campaign failed. -
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Mongomery bus boycott
The Montgomery Bus Boycott was a civil-rights protest during which African Americans refused to ride city buses in Montgomery, Alabama, to protest segregated seating. The U.S. Supreme Court ultimately ordered Montgomery to integrate its bus system, and one of the leaders of the boycott, a young pastor named Martin Luther King, Jr., emerged as a prominent leader of the American civil rights movement. -
The Chicano movement (1960s)
It was inspired by the continuing inequality of Mexican-Amerians,black activism and the black power movement, and individuals such as Chavez and Reies Lopez Tijerina. Having a stated goal of achieving Mexican-American empowerment. -
Freedom Rides
Freedom Riders were groups of white and African American civil rights activists who participated in Freedom Rides, bus trips through the American South in 1961 to protest segregated bus terminals. They tried to use “whites-only” restrooms and lunch counters at bus stations in Southern states such as Alabama. The groups were confronted by arresting police officers—as well as horrific violence from white protestors—along their routes, but also drew international attention to their cause. -
Birmingham Campaign
The Birmingham campaign was a movement organized in early 1963 by the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) to bring attention to the integration efforts of African Americans in Birmingham, Alabama. Led by Martin Luther King and others, the campaign of non-violent direct action culminated in widely publicised confrontations between young black students and white civic authorities, and eventually led the municipal (local) government to change the city's discrimination laws. -
Civil Rights Act
Ended segregation in public places and banned employment discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex or national origin, is considered one of the crowning legislative achievements of the civil rights movement. First proposed by President John F. Kennedy, it survived strong opposition from southern members of Congress and was then signed into law by Kennedy’s successor, Lyndon B. Johnson. -
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The Black Power Movement
Emphasised racial pride, economic empowerment, and the creation of political and cultural institutions for African-Americans and the grater assertiveness than the older civil rights movements -
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The Selma to Montgomery march
The Selma to Montgomery march was part of a series of civil-rights protests in Alabama, a Southern state with deeply entrenched racist policies. In an effort to register black voters in the South, protesters marching from Selma to the state capital of Montgomery were confronted w/deadly violence from local authorities and white vigilante groups. The historic march, and MLK's participation, raised awareness of the difficulties faced by black voters, and the need for a national Voting Rights Act. -
Long, hot summer
Refers to the 159 race riots that erupted across the US in 1967. In June there were riots in Atlanta, Boston, Cincinnati, Buffalo, and Tampa. In July there were riots in Birmingham, Chicago, New York City, Milwaukee, Minneapolis, New Britain, Rochester, and Plainfield. -
The Puerto Rican Legal Defense and Education Fund
Won a ruling that the New York City Board of education should provide bilingual education for those with limited English
