-
Oct 31, 1492
Columbus lands in the "New World"
"new world" = ancient
common beliefs
-nature & spirits
-communal living
-respect for elders
***3 G's
-Gold
-God
-Glory
Columbian Exchange- trading of goods back and forth. bring guns, diseases, food, animals, plants
English defeat Spanish -
Settlers arrive at Roanoke Island
Sir Walter Raleigh
OBX
"Lost Colony"
establishes Roanoke Island
sends boat back to England for more supplies, comes back and nobody is there- but there was an Indian name on a tree
it was a deserted area -
Jamestown established
river the colonists thought lead to Asia; scared of Spanish pirates so they went in land 40 miles
the only guys there were rich and spoiled (no women, no workers/hunters)
along the Chesapeake River -
Mayflower Compact
coming together in a loose political agreement
communial living- no divide b/c everybody is in the middle class
all everybody under the Christian faith
northern parts of VA
equal laws, ordinances, acts, constitutions and offices -
John Winthrop's "City Upon a Hill" speech
Sermon aboard the Arbella
only way to survive is to follow God
it is important to be a community
we will be persecuted but if we stay together we can beat everybody with the help of God
pressure b/c leaders- if we mess up we are shameing God's people and people will be jealous
we are all blessed
if you look towards other Gods or are greedy- our journey will have been for nothing -
Pequot War
said an Indian killed a Puritan so the Puritans go and attack the village (set fire to it)
as the Indians run away, the Puritans shoot them
got rid of the Indians on boats -
Anne Hutchinson is kicked out of MBC
Puritan woman
kicked out of MBC because she spoke out against the Purtian religion and this angered people -
Bacon's Rebellion
VA
William Berkley- only friends w/ rich white guys
increases taxes in Chesapeak Area so you must be in the top elite to live there
indentured servants now free that need to settle and move West but problem-Indians! so ask Berkley for help but he says no b/c it does not affect him&illegal trade
Nathaniel Bacon- merchants, farmers, slaves->burn down fort
*lower classes unite
Bacon dies and so does movement
Berkley is so harsh, he is sent back to England and put on trial
*ppl starting to rebel -
Period: to
Salem Witch Trials
people were accused of being witches who did not meet the social aspects of life but then everybody started accusing anybody of being a witch just to save their own lives in colonial america
modern day witch-hunts include the African witch hunts -
Period: to
Benjamin Franklin lives
*posterboy for the Enlightenment
invents electricity, swim flippers, bifocals, balloons
very religious upbringing- challenges religious foundations of NE -
Jonathan Edwards delivers "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God" sermon
The Great Awakening
JE was an evangelist
mass appeal
said you have no power, God has all the power and you will be punished. that you are hanging by a thread over a fire. you cannot preserve your own life. you must revive your fath so you can be reborn or you will not escape hell and this is your only chance to change
*movement backfired b/c people went out and spoke to other people so the message changed *encougared independent thought *piety and reason *rebellious spirit -
Period: to
French & Indian War
*"seven years war" (even though it lasted 9 years)
French & Indians vs. England & Colonies & Iroquois tribe
*changes everything -French out - future impact...? Americas feel that they can take the land -war debt, increased taxes but the colonists still have no say in parliment -
Period: to
Alexander Hamilton lives
born out of wedlock; dad goes away; mom dies
*self made man
fought in Revolutionary war with Washington
*Federalist Papers
Hamiltons Vision
revenue ^, pay war debt and public credit, *NATIONAL BANK, manufacturing & tariffs (imported goods to protect local business)
in a duel with Burr- shot and killed
Treasurer in Washington's cabinet -
Treaty of Paris
French OUT
Louisiana
-control has Spanish rule
-French never leave
-African influence
conflict with Indians
French never conqured US, neither did they purchase a foot of our country, nor have they a right to give it to you" - Pontiac -
Proclamation of 1763
line through Appalachin mountains
cannot go west of line *government screwed the people over
no protection from the British militia against the Indians if you go past the line
*no more salutary neglect -
Sugar Act
tax from British to the colonists
the British decrease the tax on molasses (used to make rum) which decreases smuggling b/c that is reasonable BUT in order to make up for the loss of profit on molasses the British increase the tax on lots of other items
*first time England has put a tax on the colonists to make a straight profit -
Stamp Act
tax from British to the colonists
money is not enough from the Sugar Act so the colonists must put a stamp on everything printed off exp. newspapers; pamplets; diplomas; cards; licenses; documents
*this act impacts lawyers and newspapers writers (who can print bad things about the British in the newspapers) -
Quartering Act
b/c British soliders are in the colonies, the colonists must have a place for them to stay, sleep and eat
the colony must figure out how to deal with this, not England
*hit NY big time which will lead to the Townshend Acts -
Townshend Acts
*makes people bitter
hits NY hard
NY is not following the quartering act so England says their colonial assembly cannot meet and will be disolved until yall follow the quartering act
NY will comply but only so they can meet
*shoes the US is not ready for independence b/c they are still complying with the British -
Boston Massacre
British guard outside custom house (lots of British guards b/c violent boycotts) and somebody pulls the fire bell so everybody runs out and throws snowballs and sticks at the guard so the guard calls for help. the guard gets hit in the head, knocked down by mob so he jumps and shoots and then the rest of the guards shoot as well
5 die, 8 injured
*colonists start it but on the poster it looks like it is the fault of the British
Chrispus Attucks (1st to die); slave (run away); seen as martyr -
Boston Tea Party
new guy in parliment- save British East Indian Company that made $ by selling tea to the colonists
he reduces the tax on tea b/c the colonists stop buying it ->colonists say no, we will not buy your tea, you cannot buy our allegiance
tons of British ships with tea came in
Sons of Liberty and Samuel Adams dump all the tea off the ships into the harbor; they dress up as Indians as a disguise
*turning point for British- their empire is being threatned -
1st Continental Congress
*1st gov't in America
Philadelphia
1. Null & Void
-everything parliment has said, vull and void
2. Mass!
-stock pile weapons
3. Economic Sanctions
-against British..no trade and boycott!
4. Declaration of American Rights
-parliment has no authority over us
this spread- smaller versions all over colonies
Mercy Otis Warren- women catch hold of rev. spirit
American Rights
Loyalists to King= Tories vs. Patriots (Whig Party)
Milita with Minutemen
-everyday men w/ weapons for protection;CC encourages -
Intolerable/ Coercive Acts
aimed at Boston by British
1. close Boston Harbor
-no trading until the colonists pay back for all of the tea after the Boston Tea Part (how the colonists make $ but blocked off)
2. if you are accused of being against England, you go on trial in England, NOT America
3. new Quartering Act- soliders will physically live in your house (for intimidation to not talk bad about England)
4. Mass cannot have a legislature, elections, etc. -
Lexington & Concord
*"shot heard around the world"
Lexington
British vs. Colonists (17 minutemen)
towards Concord- ambushed by 70 minutemen
Samuel Adams & John Hancock & arms <-British want to seize
milita could get ready b/c Paul Revere told them
*able to prepare in advance
British "won" on the battlefield but did not get what they initially came for -
Battle of Bunker Hill
Charlestown (N of Boston)
British beat colonists
boost of confidence for Boston b/c they killed many British soliders even though their troops are more trained
*9 months of peace b/c British scared
Breeds Hill (where actual fight was)
Americans on TOP of hill
they run out of gun powder so they throw rocks/sticks
1. British General-be more cautious
2. moral is high for colonists
3. CC- 1st draft of able men..not required but heavily peer pressured or you're a loyalist *mini civil war? -
Olive Branch Petition
John Dickenson
want the rights of colonists while still being loyal to the King
peace offering
King George formally rejects it/does not even look at it; he then declares the colonists are open enemies of England -
2nd Continental Congress
Washington in charge
Pennsylvinia
no money
no power
named GW commander-in-chief of the continental army (united army)
accepts role on basis he does not get paid (British army is getting paid)
well respected VA gentleman, hard to convince so when he agrees it is a big step -
Common Sense
Thomas Paine- Father of the American Revolution
anon. at first b/c tyranny against the King; we can no longer be run by a king
instant best seller
Washington insisted it must be read to lift the moral of army men -
Declaration of Independence
committee to write- 5 guys (Franklin, Adams, Jefferson)
write why they are upset and declare independence
bases the document off of John Locke
you are born with rights; rights of the people- why people establish gov't: to protect their rights. if the gov't fails, the people have the right and are obligated to over them
13 colonies unite as free and independent states
clear, short, powerful -
Period: to
Henry Clay lives
VA
gambler; drinker; ladies man; bad temper; studied under Jefferson; William and Mary; hates Andrew Jackson; @ Confederate Convention
*"American System"
1. high tariffs 2. higher land prices 3. national bank
*Clay's Compromise **savior
*Compromise of 1850 -
Battle of Saratoga
American victory
British coming slowly so the Ams. are ready
*news reaches France and they join the colonists*France is happy b/c they hate England
treaty with France: 1.Recognition of the US 2.Trading Rights 3.Fight until Independence 4.No Giving In
*world war? (Dutch, Spanish, France, England, Colonies, Portugal) -
Articles of Confederation
states have the rights to formalize/legalize
weak central gov't-STATES RIGHTS
no national currency -every state has their own -adjust exchange rates/tax -13 people in congress..9/13 majority to pass
weak congress -1 branch -1 state,1 vote -in charge of powers/responcibilities: anything that covered multiple states (highway, postal), foreign affairs, no power to collect taxes (can request $ from states)
*a government run under the AofC has no money
*Shay's Rebellion highlighted weaknesses of AofC -
Surrender at Yorktown
French & Contentintal Army beat the British on land
Naval Base was destroyed by colonists & French
naval battle- French vs. British; French victory; blockade- Cornwallace has to surrender
*British hope is lost
*British focuses on the South -
Treaty of Paris
Independence? Boarders?
-Britian formally recognizes US as a country
-cannot go past Mississippi
-North&South- not defined; Spain gets FL back -
Land Ordinance of 1785
*how to populate the land in a way for the government to make money
36 mi townships- every 16th square is a place for education out of 36 squares -
Period: to
Shay's Rebellion
lead by Daniel Shay
when farmers went to the court house and blocked it off so land cannot be autioned and people cannot be sent to jail
*highlighted the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation because we needed a militia but had no way to pay them -
Constitutional Convention
delegates from every state except Rhode Island
same room the Declaration of Independence was signed 11 years prior
the purpose was to revise the AofC
Ben Franklin, GW, Alexander Hamilton, Roger Sherman (NJ Plan), James Madison (Father of the Constitution) were present; TJ and John Adams were in Europe; Samuel Adams and Patrick Henry were not there PH "smelt a rat"
influenced by Enlightenment thinkers
2 plans- VA & NJ
Electoral College
3parts
*actually write the Constitution; not revise the AofC -
The Great Compromise
problem: representation
ideas:
VA Plan- James Madison; bigger states favored; bicameral legislature with both houses based on population; 3 branches of government
NJ Plan- William Patterson; smaller states favored; unicameral legislature with equal representation among the states
solution: bicameral legislature
House of Delegates (now HOR) based on population (VA Plan) and the Senate with equal representation among states (NJ Plan) -
3/5 Compromise
problem: nobody knew how blacks should be counted in new states. should they count as people ornot at all? should they be taxed? this prob came up at the constitutional convention
ideas: the NORTH wanted blacks to count for taxation but not representation in the population. the SOUTH wanted blacks to be counted for representation for population but not taxation.
solution: the solution says every 3 out of 5 blacks would be counted as 1 white man. -
The Federalist Papers
writers: Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, John Jay (pen name: "Publius")
85 essays trying to get support for the Constitution
*main idea: checks and balances (issue of central power) -
Northwest Ordinance of 1787
states must reach a certain number of people (population of the smallest state- 60 thousand) before they could apply for statehood
onces the states reached that certain number they would be able to apply for statehood
once you reached 5000 free white men you could elect a legislature
blacks, once the territory becomes a state would be free
*abolishes slavery
*equal standing with the other states -
Period: to
George Washington's presidency
VA
fought in Revolutionary War
*moderate
*reluctant to take power (not power hungry; resigns on his own accord after 2 terms [precedent for presidents to come]
declares neutrality in the French Revolution- tells Citizen Genet
Jay Treaty- England
Frontier Tensions- Canada/England and US
Whiskey Rebellion- military force
Pinckney Treaty- Spain
Farewell Address
VP is John Adams -
Bill of Rights
Anti-Feds in Mass complained the Constitution did not protect individual rights and freedoms against the nat'l gov't
wanted freedom of speech, religion, press, right to trial by jury, protection against unreasonable seizure of property
Jefferson convinced Madison "a bill of rights is what the people are entitled to..and what no government should refuse"
Dec. 15, 1791 enought states ratified 10 amendments. these first ten are the Bill of Rights -
Whiskey Rebellion
president: Washington
uprising in PA with the farmers about the tax on whiskey (their man cash crop--so they did not like the tax)
*Washington sent in military force
-Jefferson said-> too much force used
-Hamilton said-> GW did what he needed to do as president
**controversy...did he overuse his power?
*highlights divisions in political parties -
Citizen Genet comes to America
president: Washington
asked for US to give aid in the French Revolution. figured it would be fair because the French helped the US beat the British in the Revolution
he rallied the US people up about war
*Washington says no, the US will stay neutral
*Jefferson resigns from cabinet
*highlights tensions. who should the US support? France? England? declare neutrality? -
Jay Treaty
president: Washington
1. Britian must leave their forts in NW territory ~2 years
2. reperations for ships & cargo destroyed
3. reperations for slaves freed
4. trade with West Indies
John Jay
with England
*we got 1 & 2; Britian said no to 3 & 4
*Britian also said/added if they are at war, the US is not allowed to trade with who they are fighting
**people mad because it is like we are under British control again
*Washington agrees to treaty
*leads to impressment -
Pinckney's Treaty
president: Washington
treaty with Spain
let US have access to Miss. River
would stop inciting Indian attacks on both sides
set definite boarders along (what is now) FL
*helped trade
*expand west
*future relations between US & Spain -
Washington's Farewell Address
The last words of advice Washington leaves the US with
*foreign- do not hold grudges for a long time but do not create alliances that last forever (do not get into bed with another country)
*domestic- warns against having too many divisions with political parties -
Period: to
John Adams' presidency
Hamilton convinces Adams to run
VP is Thomas Jefferson
from Mass. lawyer. family disconnect (does not know kids names)
*politically tires to emulate Washington
XYZ Affair
*builds up navy
as a lame duck he appoints John Marshall as chief justice
Alien & Sedition Acts- *nail in his coffin
Alien & Sedition Acts -
XYZ Affair
president: Adams
US sent ambassadors over to France but they would not let us meet with their government so they sent 3 people (who we called X, Y and Z), asking for money before they would allow us to meet with their government
*Adams said no- people did not like that, they wanted war
*avoids war but uses as an excuse to build up the navy (which will later help us in the War of 1812)
*undeclared naval battle -
John Marshall is chief justice
while John Adams is in his lame duck period as president, he appoints John Marshall of chief justice of the supreme court. it is overlooked b/c the people are hyped about the new president
Marbury vs. Madison- Marshall decides what Jeffeson and Madison are wrong by not giving Marbury his appointment but we as the supreme court do not have the constitutional right to require them to follow thru with the appointment THEN says what powers the supreme court does have -
Alien & Sedition Acts
president: Adams
I- new residentary requirements (14 years before you could vote)
II- deportation of aliens (president could deport you if he wanted too)
III- could not speak bad, write poorly, or criticize the government
*nail in Adams coffin
*number III- against 1st amendment? no freedom of speech/press
*doubled residentary requirments so people could not vote as easily
*the people convicted were seen as martyrs -
Period: to
Thomas Jefferson's presidency
VA
election of 1800 turning point b/c 1 political party is giving up power to another political party ties w/ Burr, convinces ppl in congress to turn in *blank ballots so he wins
VP: Aaron Burr
in Washington's cabinet but resigns
*simplicity, even though expensive personal tastes (Monticello)
1st prez inaguarted in DC
BFF= Madison
Louisiana Purchase- Lewis & Clark Expedition
wins election of 1804 by landslide
Embargo Act- nail in TJs coffin
*prudent farmers
outlaws FOREIGN slave trade -
Louisiana Purchase
president: Thomas Jefferson
the US bought the land from France for $15 million
TJ thought it would be a good space to put the blacks
*expands the size of the US by nearly double
*constitutional? is TJ buying the land constitutional? -
Period: to
Lewis & Clark Expedition
encouraging exploration
gone for 2 1/2 years
samples of plants, bugs, animals
kept journals, maps
met Sacagawea, a native american, who helped take care of the men with translating and maneurvering the land
*the LA purchase and L&C Expedition amke people LOVE Jefferson which scares the Feds -
Embargo Act
president: Jefferson
the US cannot trade internationally with ANY country
*nail in Jefferson's coffin
*increased smuggling in NE
*south did not like
*was quickly repealed -
Period: to
James Madison's presidency
VA
Secretary of State
BFF with Jefferson
War of 1812 aka "Mr. Madison's War" *nail in coffin -
War of 1812
aka "Mr. Madison's War"
ended "Era of Good Feelings"
between the US and Britian
Battle of Tippecanoe: Indians vs US along the Canadian border
US had suspicisions the British were supplying Indians with guns, when the Indians flew to Canada it confirmed the Americans suspicions
in the naval battles we held our own (b/c Adams built up our navy)
the Star Spangled Banner by Francis Scott Key
*pointless war because Britian ended up signing the treaty after we declared war *SLOW COMMUNICATION -
Period: to
James Monroe's presidency
VA
Secretary of State under Madison
studied with Jefferson; went to William & Mary
VA senator
Republican
disagrees w/ nationalsim but sees nat'l banks are needed
*"Era of Good Feelings" ends in 1819
Adams-Onis Treaty
Financial Panic
Slavery- Missouri Compromise
Russia and Oregon
Monroe Doctrine -
McCulloch v. Maryland
president: Monroe
the decision that the state government does not have the right to tax the national bank
*national government > state government -
Adams-Onis Treaty
president: Monroe
between US and Spain
get land to build a railroad
US also gets FL
*decreases Spanish power
*encourages westward movement
*stops FL problem with Indians -
Financial Panic of 1819
president: Monroe
cotton prices ^ b/c Britian stopped buying our cotton from the south, it is a spiral effect
fraud in the national bank- one of the fears of people that this would happen with a big national bank
*fears of a national bank are validated
*shows how we are very dependent on cotton, which in turn shows how dependent we are on slavery -
Missouri Compromise
president: Monroe
prior there was = representation in congress (11 slave, 11 free)
new territories apply for statehood- Missouri
MO wants to be a slave state..free states worried about an unbalance in congress
Maine applies to be a free state.
MO is admitted as a slave state; ME is admitted as a free state to maintain balance
*bans slavery north of the 36'30' line -
Monroe Doctrine
president: Monroe
1. no further European colonization (on ALL of the Americas)
2. different political systems- if you come into our hemisphere we will see that as a threat
3. coexisting European controlled colonies will be left alone
4. the US will stay out of internal affairs
*foreshadows with what the US will do overtime- how power and controlling the US will become -
Gibbons v. Ogden
president: Monroe
about trade and business along the Hudson River in NY
states grant exclusive rights towards people high up in society
*national government says no, they regulate interstate commerse with anything affecting more than 1 state (like the Hudson River) -
Period: to
John Quincy Adams' presidency
"corrupt bargain" AJ won popular and electoral votes but the House voted for JQA
JQA is like his dad, short and round, smart guy to run the country but no connection to the common people, dad dies while in office and so does his 2 brothers and 2 sons of alcoholism
in 1st Address to Congress he shoots himself in the foot by referencing respected European monarchs.."closet monarchist"
does not compromise with NR or DR
loses election of 1828 to AJ -
Period: to
Nullification Controversy
president: Jackson
South Carolina had issues with protective tariffs- won't listen but it's okay because AJ is from the Carolinas and understands us
Jackson enforces supremecy clause (nat'l gov't > state gov't)
Calhoun goes to SC to nullify tariffs. both tariffs unconstitutional b/c it hurts many people. South mad b/c they can't make their own stuff like the North. AJ uses Force Bill, which SC votes to nullify. Henry Clay- *Clay's Compromise -lower tax but comply (both sides win) -
Period: to
Andrew Jackson's presidency
in election of 1828 AJ is portrayed as a killer (of Indians), a murderer and a fighter and "scandle with his wife"
military hero
from the Carolinas (support of South)
no platform- very vague
*"common man" *savior of the nation
dad dies, mom is poor, brother dies fighting in Revolution, other brother dies, mom dies of choler
in many duels- short tempered, holds grudges
kills Dickenson (best shooter) in a duel
emulates/admires Jefferson -
Indian Removal Act of 1830
president: Jackson
forced Indians to go W past Miss River
AJ thought Indians were barbarians
Cherokee tribe sues and the Marshall ruling said the Indians have an undeniable right to their land
AJ is bitter and wishes the gov't good luck in enforcing the law
*not impeached as president because too many people like him
*leads to Trail of Tears (not under Jackson admin) -
Jackson vetoes charter of Bank of US
president: Jackson
congress votes yes to re-charter the bank of the US
AJ vetoes! he distrusts bank, does not like paper $ (would rather have people carry gold around)
AJ re-elected for 2nd term
takes gov't $ and gives to state gov't's to weaken nat'l gov't
states print their own $--leads to *inflation!
people buy more land and states do more internal improvements
farmers like b/c land is cheap, people who want to lower tariffs like -
Period: to
Martin Van Buren's presidency
democrat
hated AJ
3 guys run against MVB in election of 1836
people are unhappy with MVB b/c the choice AJ made to not re-charter the bank has finally had its repercussions and MVB gets blamed so people are unhappy
loses election of 1840 to WHH -
Panic of 1837
president: Martin Van Buren (D)
worse than Panic of 1819
states debt up (b/c AJ did not recharter bank, states printing their own money, inflation is through the roof)
England (top dog) is in a Depression which impacts the common people (1/3 of white men are unemployed, wages & hours cut, aid from Church..gov't not expected to help like they are now) -
William Henry Harrison wins 1840 Election
Whig Victory
MVB vs WHH
platform? none really b/c does not want to say anything that would upset any group
lives in OH but orignally from VA
not power hungry- *portrayed to be like Washington
military hero
voter turn out soares
