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annual rice consumption among Javanese dropped from 115kg to 96kg per head (malnutrition, cheaper alternatives eg maize&potatoes)
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Ghee Hins vs Hai Sans (tin mine disputes); same factor as succession disputes after Sultan Ali's death (need for social stability to protect economic developments)
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led to a strong & united Germany
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individuals can lease land from the government for up to 75 years
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abolished compulsory cultivation over 12 years, private individuals & companies established sugar plantations in outer islands
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- culture: dutch benefitted (forced labour, money), natives suffered (exploited by Dutch eg pay not consummate to dutch profit) 2. liberal: open policy (indonesia opened up to private enterprises, abolished government monopoly over cash crops), exploited locals, low pay
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not the best candidate: tactless, did not follow own established rules, insensitive to culture, did not speak Malay, no prior experience
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murdered while touring Perak; British use of force to quell resistance led to Perak War
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The Federated Malay States comprised of Perak, Selangor, Pahang, and Negeri Sembilan; centralised administration ensured uniformity; Residential System
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infrastructure development: connectivity and accessibility
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formed to standardise and regulate currencies
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more efficient taxation, raise revenue for public projects (57 million guilders to 361 million guilders); under centralised administration impact
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this was to compensate for liberal policy
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boosted trade (as there is now a foreign denomination); more foreign capital and investment into tin mines and rubber plantations
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The Unfederated Malay States comprised of Perlis, Kelantan, Kedah, Terengganu; under Advisors; did not come under Federal Government in KL
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Volksraad (people's council) advise govt general on local affairs
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more efficient taxation and raised public revenue, 57 million guilders in 1900 to 361 million in 1928
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severl major cities eg yogyakarta, batavia, sumatra had populations of >100,000 people
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