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3000 BCE
Ancient Egypt (Edwin Smith)
Wrote the "surgical papyrus". Which was a scroll of doctors notes written in reference to the brain. First documented observation of local functions and contralateral control. -
1000 BCE
Fall of Rome "Dark Ages"
There was no scientific expansion in the west for 300 years. Scientific inquiry was blasphemous (against god). -
400 BCE
Ancient Rome (Skeptics, Cynics, Epicureans, stoicism, and neo-platonism)
At this time the Catholic church was on the rise and philosophers were studying how to use the mind for optimal happiness. Skeptics-don't except religious dogma and live by social standards. Cynics-no government, religion or social standard, they return to nature. Epicureans- abandon religion, "don't wait for the afterlife, live your best life now." Stoicism- Believe the key to happiness is emotional regulation, self-control, and free will. Neo-platonism-emphasis on afterlife,senses are faulty. -
1403
Saint Mary's of Bethlehem
This was the first designated mental hospital. A man named William Tuke's wife had a mental breakdown and was sent to St. Mary's of Bethlehem and died six months later. -
Descartes
"Cogito ergo sum"= "I think therefore I am". He believed in innate ideas (certain knowledge humans are born with)and that the senses were faulty. He believed in mind body dualism(body is a tool for the minds interaction, Body is a machine) He also thought that the pineal gland was the area of interaction between the mind and the body; "animal spirits" was the liquid inside the brain, he believed caused behavior. -
Thomas Hobbes (Post Enlightenment Shift)
He viewed God as the "first cause", that he put things into motion and then let it go. He believed that knowledge originated from sensory impressions and that ideas originated from 'movement' in the brain. Behavior drives from self- interested and self- preservation. He though the mind is what the brain does, and any psychological process had a physical cause. -
John Locke
He believed that humans are born with a 'blank slate'. He did not think innate ideas were real, that only experiences can create an idea. Ideas are influenced by sensory input. Therefore human behavior is a direct result of human experiences. -
Jan Jacbz Swammerdam
He dissected a frog to test Decarts theory and it demonstrated the relationship between nerves and movement. He was the first to conduct a neurophysiological experiment. -
Philippe Pinel
He was influenced by John Locke in the aspect that environment mattered. He decided to group similar patients. Pinel also thought that if workers talked with the patients casually and showed respect form them, that the patients would do 'better". -
Luigi Galvani
He discovered electrical properties of nervous tissue. He create the Galvanic skin response test to measure stress or anxiety. -
Franz Mesmer
Mesmer actually stole his ideas from a professor names Maximilian Hell. They thought that magnets could be used to heal the body, that the magnets influences magnetic fluid in the body. While Mesmer's theory of magnetism was disproved, he still influenced psychology by being the first to unknowing demonstrate the placebo effect, unknowing showed social contagion, and social facilitation. -
Franz Josef Gall
He studied personality by studying size of the brain regions, he would measure the skull and linked it to a part of the brain. This study was called Phrenology. His practice contributed to popularizing the brain and mobilized others to also study the localization of functions in the brain. -
Charles Bell
He found the ventral half of the spinal cord had motor function in the body. He worked with Francois Magendie studying the spinal cord, which lead to the study of spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis, and ASL. -
Thomas Young & Hermann Von Helmholz
Worked off of Muller's work with specific nerve types, and found that specific nerve activities communicated different information to the mind. Together Young and Helmholtz also studied color vision and discovered colors have different wave lengths that create different patterns of neural activity; they called this "Young- Helmholtz Theory of Color Vision". (Trichromatic Theory). -
Jacques Quetelet
He applied statistics to human behavior to identify patterns and regularity. -
Ernst Heinrich Weber
He was a medical doctor by training and had two important findings. He discovered inhibition in nervous system. Psychophysics of touch, he developed a two point test to map "cutaneous sensitivity" of body. He went on to study the different factors that influence sensitivity and at what point can a person notice a difference in sensitivity. -
Francois Magendie
He found that the dorsal half of the body had sensation. He was the first to localize the function in the nervous system. Worked with Charles Bell to find a specific origin of spinal cord. -
Pierre Flourens
He worked with animals and would surgically remove specific pieces of tissue to localize brain functions. He found the medulla controlled respiration, cerebellum controlled motor coordination, and cerebral cortex controlled perception and cognition. He also noted that the parts of the brain worked together and were interconnected. -
Johannes Muller
He studied the five senses and found that they equal five specific nerves. He claimed the nerves could communicate specific info to the mind and were essential for building perceptions. -
Paul Broca
His work lead to the birth of neuro- psychology. He discovered Broca's area to be the localization of language. -
Francis Galton
Using statistics and correlations he studied relationships between variables in human behavior. He would also use the correlations to demonstrate heredity of behavioral characteristics. -
Jean Baptiste Bouillaud
He was the first to believe that language was localized in the frontal part of the brain. He worked with Ernest Aubertin to further study the localization of language. -
Ernest Aubertin
He publicized the theory of localization of language in the brain. He worked with Jean Bouillaud to study language in the brain. -
Charles Darwin
In 1859 Charles Darwin published his book on his theories of evolution. This was an explanation of how adaptation was man; natural selection and random. -
Von Helmohlz- Electrism
He used electrism to generate and measure the speed of a nerve impulse, which was a huge break through! -
Withelm Wundt- Textbook
He published a textbook in psychology in the year 1873. -
William James- Laboratory
He established his laboratory at Harvard. -
Ivan Petrovich Pavlov
He was interested in the role of saliva during digestion, to study this he used dogs. Pavlov would conditions the dogs reflexes to food, this is called classical conditioning. -
G. Stanley Hall- Ph.D.
He was awarded the first Ph.D. in the USA. -
Withelm Wundt- Psych Lab.
He opened an experimental psychology lab in Leipzig, Germany. -
Carl Wernicke
He studied language comprehension. He localized this area to be Wernicke's area. He also studied injuries to this area and called it "Wernicke's Aphasia". -
David Ferrier
He studied the occipital cortex, visual cortex, primary auditory cortex, and somatosensory cortex. He found that the somatosensory cortex controls skin senses such as touch, temperature, and pain. He discovered areas he called "association areas", which he said were 'blank' areas of cortex thought to be integration areas. He also thought white matter areas connected these areas functionally. -
Anna O.- Hysteria
Anna O. was treated by Joseph Breuer, under Freud, for hysteria. Hysteria was in the DSM until 1980 and was believed to be related to the uterus and only found in women. Treatment for this disorder was sex, semen, and vaginal massages. -
Gustav Fritsch & Eduard Hitzig
Together they conducted the first electrical stimulation study of the cortex. They discovered the primary motor cortex to be the origin of all motor commands. Also discovered an organization of strip which was further evidence for localization of function. -
First Psych Research Journal
Published by Withelm Wundt in 1881. -
Sigmund Freud- Clinic
Freud opened his first clinic to study the unconscious mind. Windows to the unconscious mind were hypnosis, free association, and dream interpretation. -
Edward Bradford Titchener
He brought experimental psychology to the USA. He studied mental processes and wanted to identify simple, irreducible elements for sensation, images, and affection. Titchner wanted to know how the elements combined to create mental experiences. To study these aspects of mental processes, Titchner used introspection, 'abstraction', and attention. -
William James- Principals
He wrote his principals of psychology. "My thinking is first and last and always for the sake of my doing." -
G. Stanley Hall- APA
Stanley Hall founded the APA in 1892. He was also the first president. -
Sigmund Freud- Pleasure Principal
The pleasure principal was considered to be a coping mechanism. Freud believed that the mind seeks pleasure as a way of dealing with obstacles. -
Lighter Witmer
He opened the first clinic to test and treat patients. This was a huge breakthrough for clinical psychology. -
Sigmund Freud- Dream book.
Freud wrote the first dream book dictionary. Because of the fact that he believed dream interpretation to be a window to the unconscious mind. -
Structuralism
The scientific study of conscious experience. This mainly relied on introspection to explore the structure of the mind. They focused more on how the mind is put together. -
Functionalism
The scientific study of conscious experience. This relied on introspection to understand the adaptive purpose of mental processes. They focused more on what the mind can do. -
Sigmund Freud- Psychosexual Stages
Freud founded his five psychosexual stages in 1905. He believed the first stage was oral (0-2 years old), at this stage the child is putting toys in their mouth, drooling, and thumb sucking. The second stage was anal, at this stage the toddler is being potty trained creating a power struggle with the parents. The third stage is Phallic (3- 5 years old), this takes place in the genital region and the child starts to experience love for the parent of opposite sex. -
G. Stanley Hall
In 1909, Hall brought Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung to the USA. -
Camillo Golgi & Santiago Romon Y Cajal
Together they discovered material form of nervous tissue. Golgi was the first to develop a solution/ method os 'staining' to study the cells of the nervous system. Cajal created the neuron doctrine, that neurons are not connected to each other. Cajal also found that cells in different areas have a different organization. -
Gestalt Psychology
Gestalt Psychology was founded in the early 1900's by Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang Kohler, and Kurt Koffka. They emphasized conjunctions, meanings, and patterns that are given in the natural flow of experiences. They believed that we perceive unified wholes, and had four principals of perceptions. Although Gestalt Psychology ended because the Nazi's eliminated most all science, it still influences the field of cognitive psychology. -
Behaviorism
was founded in 1913 by John Watson. Watson also wrote an article this same year on the topic, "Psychology as the Behaviorist View's it." -
"Little Albert"
"Little Albert" was a 9 month old boy named Douglas Merritte. Watson and his graduate student carried out a experiment conditioning "little Albert" to be afraid of animals. -
Leta Stetter Hollingworth
She studied genre differences under Stanley Hall. She showed there was no difference between boys and girls as infants with the same environment. She also showed there was no difference between women during menstruation and women not during menstruation. She was the destroyer of variability hypothesis. -
"Little Peter"
"Little Peter" was a young boy who was initial afraid of rabbits, but conditioned not to be. Mary Cover Jones discovered counterconditioning in this study, which is pairing a feared stimulus with a pleasant stimulus. -
EEG
Developed by Hanz Berger to look at different types of brain waves. -
Floyd Allport
He wrote a text book in 1924. -
B.F. Skinner
He was accepted in to Harvard's graduate program. He studied operant conditioning, change in voluntary behavior, based on consequence. -
Donald Lindsley
Studies brain waves using the EEG during the 1930's. -
Bolder Conference
David Shakow organized this conference to discuss a science- practician model. Pretty much a set of rules of what you needed to be a clinical psychologist. -
Donald Hebb
He believed an enriched environment changed animals behavior. This inspired programs like 'headstart' for children. -
Asch studies on conformity
He performed this study to investigate social pressure. -
The DSM
The DSM is based on research at that time. It is updated about every ten years and currently we are on the DSM 5 -
Wilder Penfield
He used the brain zapper to help map the cortex. -
Albert Ellis
Developed Rational Emotive Behavioral therapy. (REBT) -
Joseph Wolpe
Developed Systematic Desensitization. Which is a treatment used to cure phobias. -
Milligram study on Obedience
which was why there was an ethical reform. -
Roger Sperry & Michael Gazzangia
Specialization of the left and right hemispheres of the brain. They found the left half controls language. -
Bobo Doll Experiment
Albert Bandura, still alive today, conducted an experiment looking at a child's behavior after they watched an adult abuse the doll. He found that depending on how the adult model treated the doll, the child would treat the doll similarly. -
Aaron Beck
Developed Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. -
Sir John Eccles
was awarded the nobel prize in 1968. He studied synapses, how the neurons 'talk' to each other, and he studied the chemicals in synapses, neuropharmacological. -
Zimbardo Prison Study
This showed the impact of social roles -
CT Scan
The CT scan was created to take a photo of the brain. -
The Vail Conference
At this conference a new degree was proposed called a Psy. D. This degree was to be primarily focused on practice. -
MRI
Was created in 1977 to have a more detailed image of the brain. -
PET Scan
Was created to measure the brains activity. -
Behavioral Genetics
Thomas Bouchard studied twins to look at genes -
fMRI
This was created to show a detailed image of the brain and the brains activity.
