-
Josiah Wedgwood, Frog Service, Serving Dish, Creamware, 1773 -
English potter
Breaks process of manufacturing into stages.
Gives consumers choice.
Known for Jasperware and Queensware. -
"decoration is secondary to form...form is dictated by function and the materials used...design should derive from historical English and non-Western ornament as well as plant and animal sources, distilled into simple, linear motifs." - The Met. -
-
English architect, designer, and critic
Gothic Revival architecture -
Henry Cole, manufactured by Minton and Co., earthenware
Simple, clean, crisp, not overly busy/decorated but does have simple ornaments.
Made by machine, designed to be mass produced -
-
R. W. Winfield of Birmingham, in the shape of a convolvulus -
-
A. W. N. Pugin, earthenware with colored inlaid decoration, Minton and Co. -
Roller printed glazed cotton -
Had most influence on design, next generation, and other countries - how design ideas play out across a wide variety of medium.
Socialist who believed art and design should be made for all. Evils of the industrial age were widening the gap of rich and poor.
He believed thing should be made by the hand with excellent craftsmanship and beauty. -
Writer and theoretician, taught at Oxford - designers and thinkers studied with him.
Anylize moral component, rightness of design - connection between making an object as important as what it looks like.
Imperfections - seeing the work of the hand - is where beauty resides
Honesty, integrity, and truth to objects -
-
A.W. N. Pugin, color lithograph ,1851 -
François Coignet invents reinforced concrete.
-
Bentwood chair - steam bending experiment
Simple straight forward
Made by machine, nothing more or less than what it needs to be, graceful, lightweight, inexpensive. -
Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection -
William Morris built this house for him and his wife because design at his time was trying to evoke a past time period but was disconnected from what it was actually made of.
Introduction into thinking about design and how it needs to be reformed. -
-
Co-created by William Morris.
Multi-media workshop, guild type structure (middle ages influence), joyous and fruitful partnership.
Most important idea was erasing the boundaries between fine art and craft. -
The International Exhibition of 1862
A place where new ideas are introduced and a touch point for thinking about the current state of design.
First time Japanese style shown - timeless, very developed craftsmanship, attention to detail, distinct vocab, brought new way of thinking and visual vocab, idea of simplicity and abstraction, never ornamented for no reason, sophisticated. -
Designed by Christopher Dresser.
High style, expensive, leisure, luxury, layering of patterns everywhere - careful combination of patterns and colors to make harmonious, dark wood, exotic and expensive interior. -
Founded Gustave and Christian Herter in NYC.
Japanese influence
Abstracted, sunflower, crosanthamums, strong contrast of black and gold, layer of patterning, all flat, new fresh interpretation, sophisticated -
D.G. Rosetti for William Morris and Co., Sussex side chair, 1865, painted wood and rush
Perfect example of vernacular English form, old tride and true kind of chair.
No sense of specific period - good, solid, timeless English design.
Modest, simple, see how constructed, nothing hidden, solid wood.
Large quantities at low price -
British botonist, studied under Henry Cole
Went to Japan to study flora and fauna - gained interest in Japanese design
Considered first Industrial designer
Designing for mass-production with Japanese aesthetic, nature is inspiration for patterns.
Nothing historic or classical, looking for design for the time. -
E. W. Godwin, sideboard, c. 1867, ebonized mahogany, silver plated fittings, embossed Japanese leather paper inserts
English, Anglo-Japanese design, combination of furniture types with Japanese language.
Hygenic -
Penny-farthing, first to be called a bicycle, popular for at least two decades -
Interior designer, variety of media
Founded workshop for creating stained glass - new way of making glass "favrile" color in glass not painted.
Uses light in the design. -
Frederic Edwin Church, stair hall, Olana, Hudson, NY, 1870
Hudson river painter - built for himself
Fantasy, romantic, evoke other places, sense of far away and exotic, dense objects layering of patterns and textiles but also assembled from other places -
William Morris, Acanthus wallpaper, 1874, wood block print on paper
His most important enduring design.
Labor intensive and expensive - irony and problem, wanted to get good design to all but process of making is expensive. -
James McNeill Whistler, The Peacock Room, 1876 (now in Freer Gallery, Washington, D.C.)
No problem crossing boundaries of fine art to decorative art even to craft type projects - unity of art, breaking down boundaries (Morris).
The artist is autonomous - preserving own individual sensability, sense of beauty.
Art for arts sake -
French botanist and craftsperson, worked in glass, important center of Art Nouveau design and craftsmanship.
New aesthetic language and techniques in glass, new ways-machine and hand process- expressing in glass.
Spirit like, communication, psychic relationship - extreme expression of mysticism. -
Thomas Edison -
Christopher Dresser, teapot, 1880, electroplate metal and ebonized wood -
Carl Benz applied for a patent for his “vehicle powered by a gas engine.” -
Frank Lloyd Wright, one of the first buildings designed. -
Belgian architect and designer - one of the founders of the Art Nouveau movement.
Upper middle class, educated, sophisticated, well traveled, looking to be in Avant garde and hire designers and architects to do the latest designs. -
Belgian painter, architect, interior designer, and art theorist and one of the founders of Art Nouveau in Belgium. -
French architect and designer, and a prominent figure of the Art Nouveau style.
Express traditional forms in completely new ways, more about nature, inspiration of natural forms -
American architect, taught Frank Lloyd Wright -
German architect, painter, designer
Idea of democratic design - get into the hands of as many as possible.
Influence of Arts and Crafts movement, honesty of construction (Morris). -
Architect and designer
Long life and career across long timespan.
His work is the embodiment of many movements and ideas of the late 19th c. to early and mif 20th c. -
Cest pools of crime and factories.
Closer to turn of the century, new vitality and energy in cities and renovation of cities.
New forms of urban life - night life.
New forms of transportation - trolley cars, bikes. -
-
-
Took Wedgwood idea of separating each aspect of production and makes it an assembly line.
Had idea of horseless combustian engine - gave people a freedom they never had before. -
Victor Horta, Hotel Tassel, Brussels, 1893, first floor landing and staircase
Groundbreaking interior.
Use of iron, not covered, frank expression of new materials in an unabashed way.
Collumns, growing tendrals.
Light at top through a dome - much lighter and open spaces - rethinking domestic interior.
Vaguely vegetable, growing from ground or out of water, organic illusions, top sprouting as growing, all organic decorative elements.
Not pretty nature - its vital and alive and energetic nature -
Glimmering white city -
Designed by Dankmar Adler and Louis Sullivan
One exception to the classical madated design of Chicago World's Fair. -
Sullivan perfects his ideas of ornament and design. All ornament unified throughout building. -
Ad for play "Salome"
Swooping garments, tangled hair - snake like
Powerful figure even though a woman
Vitality of nature, fed by life blood
Power, connection of various forces of nature - novel ways of thinking and presenting
New linear quality
Graphic, abstracted forms, bubbles - like nothing seen before -
Leading German architect, graphic and industrial designer, associated with the Deutscher Werkbund.
Forward thinking -
Built by Hector Guimard.
Design comes out of function, exterior references interior - rejecting formal. -
Alfons Mucha, Job Cigarette Papers ad, 1896, color lithograph
Emphasis on mood not products, evoking mood, sense of emotion
Newly independent woman - new freedoms
Graphic qualities
Smoke, ungulating/curving line - create feeling of movement vitality
Hair - women associated with hair - graphic, linear, curvey, strong, vital curves, sense of vitality/natural/organic quality, sense of danger-curling tendral -
Hector Guimard
Out of context, unified interior, entire package, non geometric, organic, branchlike
Smoking bench, motion of smoke
Tress growing out of floor, very alive, asymmetrical, organic -
"To the age it is art and to the art it is freedom."
Facet of Art Nouveau movement - focus on finding for contemporary life, freedom to experiment and break loose from the old and historical. -
Adolf Loos, Café Museum, Vienna,1899 -
Henry Van De Velde, Havana Tobacco Company, Berlin, 1899
All designed to work together - every aspect thought of in a unified design aesthetic.
Nervous line, painted elements reference smoke, energetic energy of nature, whiplash lines.
Influenced by movements before, Arts and Crafts movement, art for all of humanity, good design for all, new ways of doing design, not dependant on past. -
American, influenced by Morris, becomes a leading figure of the Arts and Crafts Movement
Honest, simple, straight forward, oak furniture -
Frank Lloyd Wright -
Hector Guimard, Paris Metro station, c. 1900
Won competition - chosen for another world fair with a new subway system.
Enlivening, enlarging city, new ways of moving around within urban context.
Iron, mass produced, sense that machine is the future.
Pre-fab machine made structure
Curving, organic forms, bone like - connection with nature, isn't just pretty/decorative, is about vitality, life force of nature not decorative elements
"Leave the flower, sieze the stem" -
Idea of unity, unified design.
"Total work of art" "Total art work"
Comes from opera, Wagner - performing art forms come together in one unified production - 1849
Picks up on mood of Art Nouveau movement. -
Trying to find distinctively new ways of looking ar design for a new century.
-
-
Frank Lloyd Wright
Builds own house/complex back home in Wisconsin.
Becomes an encompassing experience for students similar to the Bauhaus. -
Emile Galle, Dragonfly Bowl, 1903
Dragonfly is symbol of transformation, one thing to another.
Moment of transformation by way of construction - dragonfly emerging from glass.
Layers of glass, hand etched, techniquelly complex.
Darwin - man not dominant over nature, man is part of nature, nature is a process and everything part of this ongoing process of change and transformation.
Revolutionary way of thinking about the world and nature - very much a part of the thinking of the time. -
Founded by Josef Hoffman Koloman Moser.
Reject imulation of old and find the spirit of the age.
The geometric references the machine age and expresses a new spirit - nothing like the curves of other Art Nouveau.
Interplay of geometries and rectalinear forms with curving forms. -
German architect, author, promote ideas of Arts and Craft movement in Germany. -
Hungarian-born American industrial designer known for her work with ceramics, primarily from the period after she immigrated to the United States. Her forms are often abstractions of the natural world and human relationships -
Joseph Hoffmann, et al., Palais Stoclet, Brussels, 1905-11, Dining Room
Asked to do whatever he wanted but create an environment in the most up to date style.
Unified design from exterior to interior.
Strong/crisp geometry, unadorned architechture, nonhistorical, nonornamented.
Lavish use of material -
German-American architect and designer
Head of Baushaus after Gropius -
American designer, architect and filmmaker. In professional partnership with his spouse Ray Kaiser Eames, he was responsible for groundbreaking contributions in the field of architecture, furniture design, industrial design, manufacturing and the photographic arts -
German association of artists, architects, designers and industrialists.
Idea of nationalism, national identity - designers grappling with and reacting to.
First group to self consciously turn attention to design for industry.
Germany becoming highly industrialized and major power in industrial world. -
Robie House dining room,
1908-10
Hyde Park, Chicago -
Peter Behrens, Teakettle for AEG, ca. 1909
[Deutscher Werkbund] -
French-born American industrial designer
Was on the cover of Time magazine, surrounded by things he designed - presented as businessman -
Summer home of a couple from Proctor and Gamble.
Pasadena, California
Green brothers
Japanese style
grain of wood celebrated, joinery becomes decoration, don't need to apply decoration when form an materiak and construction techniques themselves become the aesthetic language/idea -
Peter Behrens
First time a designer was hired by an industry to give it a public face - mediate between industry and the public in a visual sense.
Charting new territory in terms of design/branding, everything visually cohesive.
Forward looking, new materials - concrete and plate glass and exposed steel - not hiding material in any way, straight forward espression, temple like form - referencing not copying Greek temples. -
Peter Behrens
Sell idea of electricity -
Austrian
Ornament and desire to decorate and augment structure is primitive and associated with childish behavior.
As we progress we need less ornament - can appreciate beauty in structure and form itself. -
Frank Lloyd Wright
Monumental form, grand but ahistorical. -
Gustav Stickley, living room, Craftsman Farms, Parsippany, NJ, 1911 -
Hermann Muthesius - radical new way of thinking of domestic form and design in general. -
Only woman allowed to do metals in Bauhaus and eventually became master. -
Frank Lloyd Wright
One of his biggest commissions - pleasure palace -
-
Head and founder of Bauhaus School
Srong proponent of idea of individual creative freedom. -
American architect, interior designer, furniture designer, and entrepreneur who has been credited with revolutionizing office design and bringing modernist design to office interiors -
Looking to geometries and simple rectalinear forms as expression of 20th c. and modern age.
Primary colors and black and white.
Goemetric forms are universal, perfect, and objective - different form subjective and individual Art Nouveau. -
Dutch furniture designer and architect
De Stijl designer -
Gerrit Rietveld
Simple material and forms - plywood, screws, inexpensive, prototype for mass production.
Concept of chair abstracted to most elemental forms.
Primary colors and black and white - crisp, simple, abstract, not for decoration. -
Very cataclysmic, temendous upheval, Europe looked very different - politically and physically - tramatic event.
Strong continuing sense of nationalism -
By Gerrit Rietveld
Natural wood - paint certain elements
No reference to past
Japanese influence -
Art and Industry: a new unity
-
Strict geometry not wandering organic forms, rational kind of forms.
Love of roundness - becomes associated with femininity and female pursuit.
Design for highest level of craftsman
Contrast - strong dark background with sparkle/livelyness of lighter color in front.
Thinking of new ways of doing design without objection to decorative elements and creating decorative objects. -
Charles-Édouard Jeanneret - Le Corbusier - the raven
Swiss-French architect, designer, and writer
Five points: pilotis, free open floor plan, ribbon windows, free facade, roof garden -
Irish woman architect and designer.
Apprentice to learn technique of Lacquer -Asian technique with Asian material resin - from sap of tree only grown in Asia. -
Jazz age, era of Great Gatsby
Prosperous, more wide spread, middle class prosperity
Frightening and exciting - new tech and ideas
New phenomenon of skyscraper -
Epitomises in her own persona many of the ideas about the exotic, other, and Paris in 1920s.
American moved to Paris, singer and dancer. -
Movie culture becoming more sophisticated.
Important diseminator and creater of style from 1920s on. -
First time there is widespread use of indoor plumbing.
Becomes associated with most up to date, modern, stylish interior.
Goes from hidden utility to showcased.
One of most important rooms to express your style and glamour. -
Hungarian American architect and furniture designer.
Studied at Bauhaus in first phase then came back as master in second phase.
Thinking abstractly about objects, the function, and idea of various object types. -
German textile artist - important role in the development of Bauhaus textile and weaving workshop.
Became first female master. -
American industrial design
Introduced concept of eurgonamics
Apprentice to Norman Bel Geddes -
By Peter Keler
Pure form, most abstracted possible combination of elements of geometry to create function of cradle. -
Sparks an obsession and fascinated with the exotic, specifically Egyptian.
Motifs appropriated, completely decontextualized. -
Pierre Legrain, Stool, 1923
Vernacular African chair developed over centuries, common in west Africa.
Recreated for the West in most luxurious materials ebony, ivory, expensive wood/horn from Africa that was being plundered from Africa.
Form, decoration and material being plundered. -
Wilhelm Wagenfeld
Absolute efficiency of form, idea of lamp abstracted so absolute essence. -
Exhibition
Showing the idea of new building, new way of living, and building for modernity that Bauhaus was working on and thinking about
Modle house
No sense of place/nationality -
Frank Lloyd Wright
One of a series of "textile" houses - molded concrete. -
Gerrit Rietveld, Schroder House, Utrecht, Netherlands,1924-5 [De Stijl movement]
Rethinking forms for domestic interior and how we live.
Small, simple, middle class, inexpensive house. -
By Josef Hartwig
Abstracts the game itself by removing historic qualities of chess. -
Marianne Brandt
Abstracted function of teapot down to most basic elements - reduced to simplest forms thereby producing aesthetically pleasing object.
Thinking about geometries - using strong geometric forms and bellying curves -
Expedition across Africa in car.
idea to bring modernity and civilization to "savages" and the primitive world of the African Native.
Idealized view of Africa, disrespectful view.
Sparks fascination with Africa as an exotic. -
Jacques-Emile Ruhlmann, Grand Salon in the Hotel d’un Collectionneur, Paris 1925
New ideas about interior design -
Le Corbusier
Attempt to develop a universal and standardized house form for 20th c. -
Jacques-Emile Ruhlmann, Dressing Table, 1925
Historic references - not reviving, playing with history - done in a witty, fresh, playful way.
Exotic material - ebony and ivory
Strong emphasis on form and smooth surface which envelopes form. -
designed by Gropius
Bauhaus moved and changed idea to technology - idea of newest kind of machine production.
Went from craft studio to research lab -
Herbert Bayer -
Marcel Breuer, named after Kandinsky
Think of idea of sitting, what a chair is, radically take it apart and reconstruct what a chair is and needs to be.
Inspired by looking at his bike. -
Cartier, Egyptian Sarcophagus Vanity Case, 1925
Perfect example of the coopting of "exotic" motifs but completely decontextualizing them. -
Exposition
New thinking about design as Art Nouveau ending.
Just about decorative arts - new emphasis for this kind of exposition.
French specialty
Lightning rod of new ideas about design - forward thinking designs about modernity.
Germany not invited -
Art and Technology: a new unity
-
Gunta Stolzl
Hand woven - precision of weaving.
Produced design reflective of the technique - horizontals and verticles (under over) with crisp precision of high quality weaving. -
Margaret Schutte-Lihosky,
Frankfurt Kitchen, 1926-30 -
Meis van der Rohe now head of Baushaus school.
Put together expression of universal housing, forms for modern life.
Basic geometries, white abstracted forms, smooth surfaces, windows without trim, all what needs to be and nothing more. -
Eileen Gray, Lacquer Screen, c. 1928 -
Rene Paul Chambellan, Entrance gates to the executive suites, Chanin Building, New York, 1928
Sunburst, zigzag motifs, geometries, strong staggered stepped back geometries -
Le Corbusier
Perfect example of his 5 points. -
American theatrical and industrial designer
More conceptual than actual
Theorist - creating the future, what is going to be next -
Skyscraper as form of perfect match for Art Deco aesthetic and ideas developed in France. -
Wall Street Crash of 1929
Economy and entire political landscape changes ideas about design and machine production.
Sparks the Great Depression - design becomes all about hope. -
Ruth Reeves, “Manhattan” furnishing fabric, 1930 -
Adolf Loos
Only put a window where it es needed, not worried about being symetrical or overarching formal quality to exterior, express on exterior what is happening on interior. -
American architect
Curated the MoMA show of 1934 "Machine Art" -
Hungarian-born American industrial designer -
Finnish architect and designer -
It comes from aerodynamics and hydrodynamics and the idea becomes a visual language in design - speed lines and teardrop shapes.
-
During the Great Depression no one had extra money to buy things.
Advertising became all about hope, fantasy, and something to dream about.
When they can't create a demand they can make a dream, fantasy, ideology, mood around it. -
Alvar Aalto, Paimio Chair, Finland, 1931 -
Donald Desky, Radio City Music Hall,
Rockefeller Center, New York, 1932
Ideas of the city, urban excitement, public entertainment, electricity, skyscraper, all come together.
Sunburst geometries, electricity integrated into design, electricity no longer exotic and frightening is now quite inexpensive and common. -
Nazis close Bauhaus and kill many students and masters - very serious and terrible time, school comes to abrupt end.
Many masters and students leave Germany and come to America. -
Germany so weakened by first world war, very fragile and very open to someone like Hitler.
Return to emphasis on nationalism, Germanness, sense of German tradition.
Hitler appointed chancellor of Germany 1933 -
Raymond Loewy, Sears, 1934
Change style not function, will prompt people to buy it - they did. -
Raymond Loewy, Pencil Sharpener, 1934 -
Fallingwater (Edgar Kaufmann House), 1934-35
Mill Run, Pennsylvania -
Johnson & Son Administration Workroom,
Racine, WI, 1934-36 -
Finnish-American architect and industrial designer
Took idea of organic modern a step further - forms are alive, vital, protective -
Transatlantic ship, largest and fastest of its time.
Bring new ideas about design to the United States. -
Usonian House, 1936-37
Madison, Wisconsin -
American industrial designer
Was head designer for the Herman Miller furniture company. -
Russel Wright, American Modern dinnerware, 1937 -
Paul Frankl, Bookcase, c. 1938
Called "The Skyscrapers"
Idea of city/skyscraper - bring city into own home - excitement and vitality.
Designed for mass-production -
Henry Dreyfuss, Big Ben Alarm Clock, 1939 -
Norman Bel Geddes, Futurama,
1939 World’s Fair
Sleek smooth shape, streamline form of building itself.
The city of tomorrow, its about the future. -
All ideas of the 1930s come together. There was a sense of needing a future and hope.
The theme was "Building the World of Tomorrow" - idea of progress. -
-
During - tremendous devastation and chaos, ideological divide between capitalism and communism.
After - American sense of euphoria, relief and victory, there was a sense of utopia, 2 decades of difficult times now over. -
Eva Zeisel, Town and Country Dinner Service, salt and pepper, 1945 -
Pre-fab, module house -
-
Charles and Ray Kaiser Eames, LCM Chair, 1946 -
Eva Zeisel
Machine and organic
Porcelain, high end and expensive, sold as set -
Charles and Ray Eames, ESU-400 Cabinet, 1949-50 -
Strand of postwar design - interrelation of form and function, aesthetic inherent in function.
-
Strand of postwar design - more appraochable, both organic materials and way designed.
-
George Nelson, Ball Clock, 1950 -
compound curves, fiberglass-wartime material -
-
-
Most Advanced Yet Acceptable
Take design to the furthest point you can so consumer considers it advanced but doesn't cross boundary of acceptability. -
Suspected of being Russian spies - McCarthy hearings -
Eero Saarinen, Pedestal Armchair (“Tulip Chair”), 1955 -
-
take from the everyday and bring it into art form - celebrating, questioning, making fun of
"one right way" being to break down -
After WWII, there was a need for housing - GI bill, money given to soldiers for education and housing - home wonership part of the American dream. -
Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum
Designed 1942-43, built 1957-60
New York -
Arne Jacobsen
combines a deep seat with high armrests, which embraces the person sitting in it -
Florence Knoll, Union Carbide Offices, New York, 1960 -
designs objects widely disseminated and popular
form follows emotion - doesn't have to be any one thing -
Fear of an atomic holocaust caused designers to design undergraound bunkers, shelters, and even cities
-
Society and culture change dramatically.
Baby boom, civil rights movement, sense that this is the opportunity and time for change during the time of peace.
Youth culture, counter cultures - challenge the establishment.
No one right way
Individual is more important than society
Freedom of expression -
-
Physical representation of the divided world - capitalism vs. communism. -
Peter Murdoch, Spotty Chair, 1963 -
-
-
-
Eero Aarnio, Ball Chair, 1965 -
Oliver Mourgue
strong pop colors, zipper slip cover
idea of future -
Paolo Lomazzi, Donato D'urbino, and Jonathan de Pas
mass produced inflatable chair made of PVC plastic -
important thinkers and architects
married and began working together full time in 1967 -
Piero Gatti, Casare Paolini and Franco Reodoro, Sacco, 1968 -
Idea that whoever controlled space, controlled the world.
1969 - America landed on moon
Imaginitive time - space going to be the next frontier, we will be living in space = more space imagery in pop culture and art -
Verner Panton
molded foam covered in bright colored uphulstery -
Joe Columbo, Rotoliving System, 1970 -
Founded in Milan
stated mission of "materializing a non-existent thing into being." -
Studio Alchimia, Proust Armchair, 1979 -
Robert Venturi and Denise Scott Brown, Gothic Revival Chair, 1979-84 -
Italian design and architecture group founded by Ettore Sottsass
esigned postmodern furniture, lighting, fabrics, carpets, ceramics, glass and metal objects -
Ettore Sottsass, Casablanca Sideboard, 1981 -
Droog Design, You Can’t Lay Down Your Memory Chest of Drawers, 1991 -
Dutch design company in Amsterdam, Netherlands.