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-illnesses and diseases caused by evil spirits and devils or as a punishment from the gods
-herbes and plants were used as as medicine
-trepanation (removed bone from the skull) was created and used
-tribal witch doctors treated illnesses with ceramonies
-20 year average lifespan -
-physicians were priests
-bloodletting was used as medical treatment
-treated diseases in dental, gynecological, gastrointestinal, and urinary disorders
-they could diagnose diabetes and cancer
-20-30 year lifespan