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Period: to
Early Media
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Boston Newsleter solicits ads
The earliest American advertising was in newspapers and was targeted to a small economically elite audience. The 1st successful American newspaper, the Boston Newsletter, began to solicit ads Ads then were merely simple announcements of what a show had for sale
There were no brand names Newspapers got most of their revenue from subscriptions, not from advertising. -
1st Newspaper
successful -
1st magazine
US -
1st Ammendment Ratified
Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion,
abridging the freedom of soeech, or of the press
or the right of the people peaceful assemble and to petition the gov for redress of grievances -
Laissez-faire
Caveat emptor (let the buyer beware) was the commercial philosophy
There was little regulation of business This system is referred to as “Laissez-faire” policy -
Period: to
Media Development in 20th Century
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Penny Press
brought much bigger circulations for newspapers. At the same time, the amount of advertising grew along with circulation, and ad agencies developed.
inexpensive
advertiser supported papers -
Industrial Revolution
-
New York Sun
Benjamin Day
created paper
staff needed
papers proved to be able to run on advertising -
Photo showing Motion
Eadward Muybridge -
First US Ad Agency
Volney Palmer of Philadelphia started the first U.S. ad agency His main function was to place ads. -
First Telegraph line
Samuel Morse
1st telegraph line between DC and Baltimore
operating telegraph "brasspounding" led to radio development -
"Great Moon Hoax"
Richard Locke
story about life on moon
New York Sun -
Photojournalism
Civil War first to be covered on camera
Famous Photographers: Matthew Brady-portrait photos -
Yellow Journalism
trashy articles to get attention
sensationlistic concept
tactic -
Peep shows
amusement parlors box-like contraption. Still photos rotated by turning crank -
Growth of Ad Agencies
30 such agencies in the US -
Dime Novels
pulp novels: paperback books printed on cheap paper made from wood pulp
inexpensive fiction
10 cents -
Telegraph lines stretched across most of nation
Telegraph using wires provided instant comm across distances
could not reach ships or remote terrian
could only trasmit morse code -
Transatlantic cable
1st cable installed
People were still riding in carriages -
Telephone Invented
Alexander Graham Bell -
Phonograph
Edison -
halftone
photographic image was produced by being broken down into dots that would appear as shards of gray on a page.
Provided a way to put a photo directly into a newspaper/mag -
Magazines "Golden Age"
1885-1905
Number of mag doubled
national medium -
Radio Waves
Heinrich Hertz demonstration of radio waves
Hertzian waves
Kilohertz
Megahertz -
George Eastman invents celluloid film
George Eastman invents celluloid film -
Wall St Journal
Charles Dow & Edward Jones founded it -
Kinetoscope
Edison introduces kinetoscope parlors for viewing bits of film , show pics on camera film kinetograph a camera to take motion pictures -
wireless telegraphy
Guglielmo Marconi -
Nickelodeon
Edison introduces Vitascope projector Nickelodean theaters begin opening Motion Pic Patents Corp (Trust): Edison's Monopoly NJ NY -
American Marconi
Wireless Telegraphy -
Boston Publicity Bureau
First real publicity agency -
Dept Stores Ad Heavily
These stores receive new merchandise frequently and sold it quickly. (the older smaller dry-goods stores received new stock only twice a year. -
Non trust Filmmakers go Cali
escape Edison's process servers great weather for outdoor shooting
scenary-various temperments
barns to studios -
Ida Burnett
1st African-American woman reporter in the US
Stories about lynching in Memphis, TN almost got her lynched -
Muckraking Magazines
Monopolies
Meat packing in Chicago Ladies Home Journal
Cosmo -
Voice Transmission
Reginal Fessenden 1 voice transmission -
Audion
Lee Deforest
vaccuum tube
great quality -
Christian Science Monitor
Mary Baker Eddy -
Dishonest Ads
Pure Food & Drug Act of 1906 (FDA)
Federal Trade Act of 1914 (FTC) A heavy volume of dishonest advertising, especially for patent medicines, brought demand for regulation of advertising to clean it up Policy changed to something more like Caveat vendor (Let the seller beware) -
Ludlow Massacre
Ivy Lee, newspaper reporter, and the father of modern PR
His most famous campaign was to rebuild the reputation of the Rockefellers, especially after the Ludlow Massacre of 1913.
Lee dressed J.D. Rockefeller Jr. up as a miner and made him appear to care for the “peasants”.
The 1,000 a month Lee was paid was money well spent by the Rockefellers
Lee went on to serve other major clients: India, Vienna, GM, United Fruit, American Tobacco Company
Lee eventually predicted that PR would die out, but he -
Audit Bureau of Circulations
verifies newspaper/magazine circulation figures for benefit of advertisers -
Committee on Public Information:
the WWI government PR operation, headed by George Creel, a journalist -
First Pulizter Prizes awarded
Beat Reporting
Breaking News Reporting/Photography
Commentary
Criticism
Editorial Cartooning -
German Expressionism
Dark, shadowy films -
Star System
Audiences began to demand to see popular actors. Theater owners demanded actors to help guarrantee box office success Studio executives created stars by placing actors and actresses under contract and promoting them -
Frank Conrad
Radio DJ
owned radio news first -
First Radio commercial
Apt Rentals in NYC -
TIME & Life
growing importance of photography in magazines Famous Photographer for Life: Margaret Bourke-White -
Soviet Propaganda Films
Heroes are group not individual -
French Surrealism
symbol laden, irrational -
Network Radio
Network Radio gave ads national reach, greater impact -
Stock Market Crash
Corporate PR Sponsoring scholarships
Repairing schools
Building public parks and playgrounds
Selling FDR’s New Deal plan -
Prominence of Radio
Radio was America's primary in-home srouce of entertainment till 1945 -
Movies "Golden Age"
sound and color
some of the greatest films
75% of Americans attended the movies every week
Moviegoers were offered double features, newsreels, cartoons, door prizes -
Biltmore Agreement
Radio and News worked out compromise
radio could only air news 2x a day and 5 min a time
radio broadcasters found loopholes: commented on news instead of airing it
Newspapers were helped by radio
Radio could cover breaking/live news
Overseas Broadcasts -
Radio Hoax
Orson Welles War of the Worlds broadcast -
First TV Commercial
Bulova Watches -
Pearl Harbor Attack
Radio's largest audience
60 Mill listened to Prs. Frank Roosevelt's response to attack -
OWI
Office of War information under Elmer Davis, former newspaper and radio man 1942. Promoting war bonds, victory gardens, industrial productivity, rationing -
Videotape
Developed by Germans in WWII -
WWII propaganda
newsreels "Lady Marines" Popular, focused on expected events (residual news)
short films before movies (10)
Started in France -
Margaret Bourke-White
Margaret Bourke-White Became first accredited woman war photographer in WWII -
Movie Going
75 % Americans went to the movies at least once weekly -
Paramount Decision
US Gov forces studios to sell theaters to end Block/Blind booking -
Network TV
rought in a great era for jingles, animated ads, slice of life ads, etc -
TV's "Golden Age"
1948-1958
HQ drams
original material created by good writers
good comedy ILOVELUCY Stereotyping rampant
Minorities marginalized -
John Cameron Swazey
48-56
First TV newsman of note
Camel Cavalcade of News -
TV replaces Radio for news
KFAX: 1st all news station
SAN FRAN
failed, turned into religious station -
Edward Murrow
Moved to TV
worked with Fred Friendly
known for documentaries
Goodnight & Goodluck: against McCarthy: claimed Murrow was communist -
Sports Illustrated
sports photography -
TV in color
-
Videotape Recorder
Ampex introduced first videotape recorder -
The day the music died
Plane Crash
Buddy Holiday
Richie V
The big Bopper -
35,000 US PR workers
-
Public TV
-
60 Minutes
First TV newsmagazine show -
VCRs in the home
New Technology competition -
Rap Music Originates
Harlem/Bronx NY
from DJa and MCs -
Watergate Scandal
1972-1974
investigative reporting of Wash Post reporters Bob Woodward, Carl Bernstein resulted in resignation of Pres Nixon Biggest Scandal of Era -
Videocassette Recorder
Sony brought out affordable Betamax videocassette recorder -
Reagan's deregulation efforts
Studios could buy theaters again -
CNN
24 hour/day news station
Ted Turner
Chicken Noodle Network bc of low cash
2 mill weekly, others used 15 min -
Movie Industry changed once TV was invented
Small suburban theatres emerged, drive-ins
sound systems improved and wide screens
futuristic names 'cinerama'
color movies became standard Spectaculars: high budget films, cast of thousands
Special Gimmicks: 3D effects, SmelloVision
Themes of movies handled topics that couldnt be on TV -
1982 Tylenol scare
GOOD Crisis Management Seven people in or near Chicago died from taking Tylenol capsules laced with cyanide.
Johnson & Johnson and its PR firm, Burson-Marsteller, were honest and open from the start. -
Exxon Valez Oil Spill in Alaska
BAD Example of Crisis Management:
The spill, apparently the fault of the ship’s captain, put 240,000 barrels of crude oil into Prince William Sound, coating beaches, marshes, birds and sea life.
Exxon never really developed a crisis management plan. Made no effort to take control of the flow of information. Didn’t respond or apologize immediately -
90% US homes have VCR
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Blogs
Matt Drudge -
Big Three lose viewers
CBS
NBC
ABC
lose 1/3 of viewers to other channels -
DVDs in the home
Pirating- internet downloading of movies
lawsuits
encryption
movies on demand -
FOX
Roger Ailes/Rupurt Murdoch
conservative
Matt Drudge covered first Big Story- Clinton -
Jeff Gannon
PR Excesses of the Bush Administration James Guckert (working as “Jeff Gannon”: planted at press conferences to ask softball questions.) Exposed -
Motion Picture Revenue
85% home viewing
15% theater viewing change in industry -
Movie Going 7.5%
7.5% Americans went once weekly or more Reasons for change:
competition of TV/Internet
Convenience of new on-demand tech
high cost of theater tickets
absurdly high cost of snacks -
FS View & FL Flambeau
1st College Newspaper to be bought by chain (Gannet: largest chain owning 85 daily newspapers in America) -
500,000 PR Workers
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Top grossing movies
as of 2009:
Titanic 1997
Lord of the Rings 2003
Pirates of the Carib 2006 -
Jon Stewart
Times Poll for most trusted news
crossfire on CNN was criticized and shut down
Entertainment Media -
Movie going
Recent 'recession bump'
increased 16 %
diversion in bad times -
US homes get TV various ways
Cable 60 %
Satellite 25%
Over-air 15% -
Display Ads
larger
more interesting -
USIA
US Info Agency
Promotes US ABROAD VOA: Voice of America aimed to overseas listeners -
Increase in Lobbyist
Since 1998, 43% of members of Congress who left office have registered as lobbyists
(this is not a good thing) -
Social Media Usage
% of PR people using various social media:
86% Twitter
79% Blogs
78% Linkedin
77% Facebook
41% YouTube -
Jazz Journalism
Newly sensationalized journalism 1920: decade of the tabloid newspaper
started in 1919 with NY Daily News. Used big photos on smaller page size Reporters "jazzed up" news- providing inconsisten facts -
90% of Americans listen to Radio every week
39% at home
35% in the care
23% at work -
News cycle in Digital Age
24 hr job
news is constant
embargos: cannot be put online until available in other forms
scoop themselves: put on web or wait for morning paper? -
News Sources for Americans
.5 Adults get news from TV
.25 people get it from newspapers
.25 online or radio -
Biggest 4 Ad Groups
(take in 54% of ad agency revenues)
Omnicom Group
WPP Group
Interpublic Group
Publics Groupe
