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Al-Andalus is the name given to the Iberian Peninsula by the Muslims in the Middle Ages.
After the Christian conquest of the Kingdom of Toledo 1085, the Taifa kings were forced to ask for help from the Almoravids, Muslims who had established an empire in North Africa. Their arrival halted the Christian advance and reunified the Andalusian territory until the beginning of the 12th century. -
The Taifas were small kingdoms into which the Caliphate of Córdoba was divided after the Cordovan Revolution that deposed Caliph Hisham II in 1009, although the Caliphate did not disappear at that time.
The most important were those of Seville, Toledo, Badajoz and Zaragoza. -
Aragón:The Kingdom of Aragon was one of the Hispanic kingdoms of the north-eastern Iberian Peninsula. It arose in the central Pyrenees region in 1035
Navarra:The kingdom of Navarre was one of the medieval kingdoms of Europe located on both sides of the western Pyrenees but with most of its territory located south of the Pyrenees mountain range
Castilla:The kingdom of Castile was one of the medieval kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula. It emerged as an autonomous political entity in the 9th century -
Alfonso VI, King of Castilla and León, took Toledo in 1085. This city had a high symbolic value, as it was the centre of a powerful taifa and had been the capital of the Visigothic Kingdom.
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This kingdom experienced strong growth under kings such as Alfonso I
En 1118, Alfonso I de Aragón y Navarra conquistó Zaragoza, ocupó parte del valle del Ebro y llegó a la cordillera del Sistema Ibérico.
Alfonso I of Aragon, known as the Battler, was King of Aragon and Pamplona between 1104 and 1134. Son of Sancho Ramírez and Felicia de Roucy, he ascended the throne after the death of his half-brother Pedro I. -
The Kingdom of Portugal began in 1139, when Alfonso I proclaimed himself King of Portugal, making the County of Portugal independent from the Kingdom of Galicia and therefore from the Kingdom of León, and ended in 1910, after almost eight hundred years of monarchy, with the proclamation of the First Portuguese Republic.
The borders of the Kingdom of Portugal were extended to the banks of the Tagus after the conquest of the city of Lisbon in 1147. -
The kingdoms of León and Castile, united by the monarch Alfonso VI, had been strengthened by the conquest of Toledo. This opened up the possibilities for expansion along the Tagus.
This expansion took place during the reign of Alfonso VII, although these kingdoms separated at his death in 1157. -
The Christian kingdoms faced the Almohad invasion. The Almohads, who took advantage of the territorial fragmentation of al-Andalus, managed to unite the Andalusian territory in 1172 and established their capital in Seville. This empire hindered the expansion of the Christian kingdoms, mainly in the areas between the Tagus and Sierra Morena, until the victory of the Christians at the Battle of Navas de Tolosa
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Fernando III el Santo unificó de manera definitiva bajo una misma corona los reinos de León y de Castilla en 1230.
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First the House of Champagne was established in 1234-1274, and was succeeded by the dynasty of the Capets, who held the throne of France and Navarre from 1274 to 1328.
Providing a number of fiefdoms located in France. -
The conquest of the island of Mallorca for the Christian kingdoms was definitively achieved by King James I of Aragon between 1229 and 1231. The city of Madîna Mayûrqa (present-day Palma de Mallorca) fell in December of the first year, but Muslim resistance in the mountains lasted two more years.
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It was 1237 when the victory of James I's troops in the Battle of El Puig, a few kilometres from Valencia and the last defence of the Muslim King Zayyan, opened the gates of Balansiya, as the Arabs called the city. Thus, in 1238, James I finally took Valencia.
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The monarch of Castile and León, Ferdinand III the Saint, conquered the city of Seville on 23 November 1248. Forces from all the peninsular kingdoms had come to conquer the capital of Betica.