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Issued by King George III after defeat of France in Seven Years War
Established basis for government in British North American territories
Required negotiation of treaties with Indigenous inhabitants before claiming land for settlement
Called an ‘Indian Bill of Rights”
Even though the Royal Proclamation of 1763 required the negotiation of treaties to extinguish Title and claim Indigenous lands for settlement
James Douglas created reserves throughout colony
without negotiation -
Canada received few immigrants before 1800
Immigrants who could perform manual labour like farming, mining, and cutting lumber were most needed
Immigration was a highly racist process; White, Protestant immigrants from the British Isles, Northern Europe, or the United States were heavily favored
After confederation in 1867, the government encourage mass immigration to settle the Prairies and build the Canadian Pacific Railway
Mass immigration from Ireland, Eastern Europe, and China -
Racist backlash against immigrants led the government to adopt a stricter immigration policies
Immigrants were discriminated against based on their race and religion. Some groups were eventually banned from entering the country entirely
Immigration fell dramatically before and during the World Wars
Manual labourers were still prioritized -
Assassination of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand was main catalyst for the start of World War I. After assassination, the following took place:
July 28 - Austria declared war on Serbia.
August 1 – As Austria’s ally, Germany declares war on Russia, ally of Serbia
August 3 – Germany declares war on France, ally of Russia and begins an invasion of neutral Belgium
August 4 – Great Britain, ally of France, declares war against Germany
The US declares that the US will remain neutral -
Canada's Population: 8 million
Men and Women Who Served:
630,000
Who Went Overseas: 425, 000
Who Died: 60, 661
Who Were Wounded: 172, 000
This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-NC-N -
Ended May 25th 1915
Marked first poison gas attack. Despite first use of chemical warfare, Canadians held the line, preventing the Germans from advancing.
Germans released 160 tons of chlorine gas, timed with wind thick yellow-green clouds “Mustard Gas” seeped into French trenches, caused mass casualties,
French troops holding line to Canada’s left, and when they fled, Canadians with British Allies, fought through night. -
Canadians faced months of fighting to draw troops away from Verdun
Believed Allied forces could break through German lines. French killed protecting Verdun in Feb, difficult to help in Somme. British “Big Push”, Germans waiting as 100 000 troops. Almost 58,000 were killed, wounded. missing, marking the biggest British military disaster. Troops came from First Newfoundland Regiment. Canada entered in Sept, fights through German defensive. Collectively, Allies suffered about 650 000 casualties. -
Vimy is key battle in Canada history, Canadian troops capture key territory where French and British failed.
Vimy Ridge had been fortified German hill top for 3 years, prior attempts had failed. Height of land was vantage point and major priority for Allies.
Canada troops fight as single unit under Arthur Currie. He used creeping barrage: Preliminary bombing started March 20th and intensified on April 2nd. Battle began 5:28am Easter Monday, April 9.Canada control nearly whole crest of ridge. -
Fought to take Passchendaele, German held since 1914
Objective was capture German submarine bases.
British suffered casualties., Canadians called to lead attack. Battlefield was muddy. Attempts to deal with
mud and rebuild roads , gun platforms, slowed by German aircraft bombs.
Oct 26th, creeping barrage started but troops were slowed by mud, rain. Battle lasted15 days.
Nov 10th Canadians captured ridge.15 000 Canadian soldiers died, wounded; Allied casualties 310 000 . -
Canada proved key fighting force, led the way for end of war.
Russia surrendered to Germany 1918, revolution which freed German troops, Allied forces stronger as US joined war in 1917. Germans knew Canadians were around attack was imminent
Canadians spearheaded last Allied counter-offensive. 1918, the C.Cs attacked Amiens and pushed Germans back
By Oct 11 Allied forces advanced in what was
German territory. Armistice Day Canadian Corps entered Belgian town. -
WWI concluded with signing of Treaty of Versailles
As implied by its namesake, it took place in the Palace of Versailles in France. The session itself lasted fifty minutes, and was solemnly attended by 27 delegations representing 32 powers, including Canada.
The Triple Entente (the name given to the allied forces of Great Britain, France and America (and eventually
Italy) during WWI) was represented by four principle individuals, The Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and Turkey) -
Liberal
Prime Minister during stock market crash in 1929.
Planned to wait out depression which was a common thought in the government at the time.
Thought the depression would be short lived.
1930- Insisted social welfare was responsibility of provinces.
Said he would not give "a five cent piece" to any province that did not have Liberal government.
Voted out of office in 1930 elections as result. -
1928 Sexual Sterilization Act
Eugenics Board had power to authorize sterilization of individuals under the MDAMDA.
Board could require sterilization as term of release if "unanimously that patient be safely discharged if danger of procreation with attendant risk of multiplication of evil but this required consent of
patient, parent, spouse—removed in 1937.
'42, act included not institutionalized, not repealed until 1972. 44 years, the Eugenics Board Approved, 725 cases of sterilization. -
Canadians were hit hard in the 1930s. Many women needed to take on paid work, while being expected to care for families. Struggled to keep families fed and clothed. Unemployment was widespread. Often lowest paid, women were offered a limited range of jobs and their opportunities were inferior to men's. Struggling women addressed concerns, anger by writing to Prime Minister R.B. Bennett. They told of commonplace tragedy, and asked for relief, or help in jobs. Demanded government find solutions.
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Most provinces considered and drafted sterilization legislation during this time including Saskatchewan, Manitoba and Ontario—but these were all defeated in the 30s, largely due to protests from Catholic
communities
HOWEVER, positive eugenics were still practiced.
Quebec had baby bonuses and other incentives for large families
Atlantic provinces like Nova Scotia institutionalized women they considered 'unfit' for motherhood -
Conservative
Prime Minister who took over power from WLMK in 1930 election.
Accused King of ignoring plight of unemployment.
“I will find work for all who are willing to work, or perish in the attempt.”- Campaign declaration.
Promised provinces $20 million in relief.
Raised tariffs on imports as attempt to boost Canadian exports.
Policies did not do much to help the economic problems, it was more like first aid then a cure.
Bennet was voted out in 1935. -
1933- Almost 1/3 of Canadians were out of work. This led to families and single men travelling around the country for work and survival. No employment services, no family allowance, no government sponsored medical care.
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1933 Sexual Sterilization Act
Board could order the sterilization of any institutionalized patient that they felt was likely to procreate and could possibly inherit what they considered to be "serious mental disease or mental deficiency.'
Far fewer sterilizations carried out, likely only a few hundred compared to Alberta
Repealed in 1973, compensation granted to nine women who were sterilized at Riverview Hospital between 1940 and 1968 numbered $450,000 -
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The devastation of World War I greatly destabilized Europe, and in many respects World War II grew out of issues left unresolved by that earlier conflict. In particular, political and economic instability in Germany, and lingering resentment over the harsh terms imposed by the Versailles Treaty, fueled the rise to power of Adolf Hitler and National Socialist German Workers’ Party, abbreviated as NSDAP in German and the Nazi Party in English..
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D-Day, June 6th, 1944, marked beginning of end in west and the USSR had been advancing in east since Germany lost control of Leningrad, Germany could not fight on two fronts. Aware of impending defeat, Hitler committed suicide April 30th, 1945, less than 48h after marrying his wife, Eva Braun who also took her life, Human devastation was monumental, the civilian loss ,thanks to the Holocaust. Actual death tolls are hard to estimate, and tend to range from between 50-80 million people globally.
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Immigration policy slowly liberalized after World War 2.
1962, official racial discrimination ends.
1967, new points system is introduced that ranks immigrants based on factors like ability to speak English or French, work skills, education, family connections
Canada targets high-skill immigrants and people who want to open a business or invest in the country.
Official framework for accepting refugees introduced in 1976 -
Immigration policy slowly liberalized after WWII
1962- official racial discrimination ends
1967- a new points system is introduced that ranks immigrants based on several factors, including: Ability to speak English or French, Work skills, Education, Family connections
Canada begins targeting high-skill immigrants as well as people who want to open a business or invest in the country.
Official framework for accepting refugees introduced in 1976 -
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5,000 workers walked off asking for $1 per hour ,9 paid holidays, union participation in management mines, pension and action to limit impact of asbestos mines.
Maurice Duplessis backed employers, ruled with iron fist and days after of the strike began, declared it illegal and sent in police.
End July 1st, 1949, negotiated settlement, but was longest labour dispute in Quebec.
Miners gained 5 cent increase, exposure to asbestos was not addressed, many miners not re-hired. -
In 1953, the Criminal Code was amended to include women under the gross indecency law by removing the
specific reference to men. According to Criminal Code, S.C. 1953-54, c. 51, s. 149, “Every one who commits an
act of gross indecency with another person is guilty of an indictable offence and is liable to imprisonment for five years.” -
1960s was a period of change in Canada, particularly in Quebec. During Quiet Revolution, provincial government made sweeping reforms to provide Quebecois with
greater control over culture and economy; the power of the Catholic Church in society and education waned; and a modern and nationalist sentiment emerged. These reforms, with social change across Canada, led to fundamental shift for women. Legislation and civil law offered women new freedoms and generation of feminists pursued equality -
Beginning in the 1960s, women in Canada reinvigorated
their efforts to push for equality. Over the following
decades, feminism developed into a more representative
women's movement, allied with workers, Indigenous
peoples, and other marginalized Canadians, and they
embraced increasingly diverse initiatives. -
A time of rapid change in Quebec that really
started in the 1960s
◦ Began with the VERY conservative Union
Nationale being defeated in the June 1960
election by the Liberals
◦ The middle class sought greater control of
Quebec's economic resources, while in general
Quebecois looked for greater francophone
representation in Canada. -
Established in 1967, response to demands by women's groups that Ottawa tackle prejudice in institutions as well as in personal sphere to counteract cost of discrimination. After extensive hearings and letters and testimonies, Commission issued report in 1970,167 recommendations for federal action to achieve equality. Issues included political representation, education, poverty, family law, birth control, abortion rights, child care, maternity leave, pay equity and the status of indigenous women.
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A man entered Montreal's Ecole Polytechnique and separated male and female students, shooting 14 women while screaming "You are all feminists." Canadians were shocked and horrified, but some saw only a crazed gunman, others identified institutionalized
anti-feminism and violence against girls and women. The
bloodshed encouraged many take event, Montreal Massacre, seriously as expression of wider problem 1991, Declared December 6th National Day of Remembrance and Action on Violence Against Women. -
War wound down beginning in 1980s, Soviet leadership, under Mikhail Gorbachev in mid-80s, moved to more transparent political policy. Fall of Berlin Wall on November 9, 1989. America became the sole superpower.
Closer allegiance with the US, Reputation as Peacekeepers, Removal of Bomark nuclear Missile, Social welfare, medicare - universal health insurance, Governments owed citizens basic standard of living, Began Saskatchewan, July 1962 and in ten years, had been adopted by entire country.