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The time period of the industrial revolution was 1750 to 1914. The industrial revolution occurred in two distinct phases: the first industrial revolution, between 1750 and 1850, and the second industrial revolution, between 1850 and 1914.
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The opening of the Estates General, on 5 May 1789 in Versailles, also marked the start of the French Revolution. The Estates-General was a meeting of the three estates within French society which included the clergy, nobility and the peasant classes. -
The French Revolution was a period of major social disruption that began in 1787 and ended in 1799. It wanted to completely change the relationship between the rulers and those they governed and to redefine the nature of political power. It proceeded in a back-and-forth process between revolutionary and reactionary forces.
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After Louis XVI's failed attempts to sabotage the Assembly and keep the three estates separate, the Estates-General ceased to exist, becoming the National Assembly.
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Tennis Court Oath was a dramatic act of defiance by representatives of the nonprivileged classes of the French nation (the Third Estate) during the meeting of the Estates-General (traditional assembly) at the beginning of the French Revolution. There they took an oath never to separate until a written constitution had been established for France. -
On 14 July 1789, a state prison on the east side of Paris, known as the Bastille, was attacked by an angry and aggressive mob. The prison had become a symbol of the monarchy's dictatorial rule, and the event became one of the defining moments in the Revolution that followed. -
The National Constituent Assembly, acting on the night of 4 August 1789, announced, “The National Assembly abolishes the feudal system entirely.” It abolished both the seigneurial rights of the Second Estate (the nobility) and the tithes gathered by the First Estate (the Catholic clergy). -
On 26 August 1789, the French National Constituent Assembly issued the Déclaration des droits de l'homme et du citoyen (Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen) which defined individual and collective rights at the time of the French Revolution. -
Concerned over the high price and scarcity of bread, women from the marketplaces of Paris led the March on Versailles on October 5, 1789. This became one of the most significant events of the French Revolution, eventually forcing the royals to return to Paris. -
It was an attempt to reorganize the Roman Catholic Church in France on a national basis, which caused a schism within the French Church and made many devout Catholics turn against the Revolution. -
The French National Day is the anniversary of the Storming of the Bastille on 14 July 1789, a major event of the French Revolution, as well as the Fête de la Fédération that celebrated the unity of the French people on 14 July 1790. -
French constitution created by the National Assembly during the French Revolution. It retained the monarchy, but sovereignty effectively resided in the Legislative Assembly, which was elected by a system of indirect voting.
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The Le Chapelier Law of June 1791 (named after reformer Jean Le Chapelier) banned workers' associations and strikes. -
The flight to Varennes describes the royal family's failed attempt to escape their house arrest in Paris in June 1791. They were located and detained the following day and returned to the capital. -
The Insurrection of 10 August 1792 happened when armed revolutionaries in Paris, increasingly in conflict with the French monarchy, stormed the Tuileries Palace. The conflict led France to abolish the monarchy and establish a republic.
Besides, the country's monarchy was effectively overthrown on this day in 1792 when King Louis XVI and his wife, Marie-Antoinette, were imprisoned (they were eventually guillotined). -
It was a mass killing of prisoners that took place in Paris from September 2 to September 6 in 1792—a major event of what is sometimes called the “First Terror” of the French Revolution.
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During the French Revolution, the proclamation of the abolition of the monarchy was a proclamation by the National Convention of France announcing that it had abolished the French monarchy on 21 September 1792, giving birth to the French First Republic.
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This period was characterized by the fall of the monarchy, the establishment of the National Convention and the Reign of Terror, the Thermidorian Reaction and the founding of the Directory, and, finally, the creation of the Consulate and Napoleon's rise to power.
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The Vendée War was a civil war opposing republicans and royalists between 1793 and 1796, during the French Revolution. The republican "infernal columns" led by General Turreau aimed to destroy Vendée and defeat the rising of the Chouans, the name given to the royalist rebels in western France.
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Ultimately unwilling to cede his royal power to the Revolutionary government, Louis XVI was found guilty of treason and condemned to death. He was guillotined on January 21, 1793. -
The Reign of Terror, also called the Terror, was a period of state-sanctioned violence and mass executions during the French Revolution. Between Sept. 5, 1793, and July 27, 1794, France's revolutionary government ordered the arrest and execution of thousands of people.
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The Law of Suspects empowered local revolutionary committees to arrest “those who by their conduct, relations or language spoken or written, have shown themselves partisans of tyranny or federalism and enemies of liberty.” -
Marie-Antoinette was guillotined in 1793 after the Revolutionary Tribunal found her guilty of crimes against the state. -
The Law of 4 February 1794 was a decree of the National Convention which abolished slavery in all French colonies.
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The Cult of the Supreme Being was a form of deism established in France by Maximilien Robespierre during the French Revolution. It was intended to become the state religion of the new French Republic and a replacement for Roman Catholicism and its rival, the Cult of Reason. -
On July 27, 1794, Robespierre and a number of his followers were arrested at the Hôtel de Ville in Paris. The next day Robespierre and 21 of his followers were taken to the Place de la Révolution (now the Place de la Concorde), where they were executed by guillotine before a cheering crowd. -
The French Revolutionary government set up by the Constitution of the Year III, which lasted four years. It included a bicameral legislature known as the Corps Législatif.
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Coup d’état that overthrew the system of government under the Directory in France and substituted the Consulate, making way for the despotism of Napoleon Bonaparte. The event is often viewed as the effective end of the French Revolution.
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During this period, Napoleon Bonaparte, as First Consul, established himself as the head of a more authoritarian, autocratic, and centralized republican government in France while not declaring himself sole ruler. Napoleon brought authoritarian personal rule which has been viewed as military dictatorship.
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Concordat of 1801, agreement reached on July 15, 1801, between Napoleon Bonaparte and papal and clerical representatives in both Rome and Paris, defining the status of the Roman Catholic Church in France and ending the breach caused by the church reforms and confiscations enacted during the French Revolution. -
In 1802, a constitutional amendment made Napoleon first consul for life. -
The Civil Code was established in 1804 by Napoleon. It was also known as the Napoleonic Code. This Code instituted the principle of equality of all people before the law, right to property was established and all privileges enjoyed by the people of high birth and class were abolished. -
On May 18th, 1804, Napoleon is proclaimed Emperor.
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The First French Empire was the empire ruled by Napoleon Bonaparte who established French hegemony over much of continental Europe at the beginning of the 19th century.
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On the 2nd of December 1804 Napoleon crowned himself Emperor Napoleon I at Notre Dame de Paris. It marked "the instantiation of modern empire" and was a "transparently masterminded piece of modern propaganda". -
Established in 1808 under Napoleon Bonaparte as part of his plan to make French society more egalitarian, the Bac, as it is often called, was designed to provide universal opportunity to anyone who possessed the talent and intellectual prowess to pass its rigorous exams.
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The Congress of Vienna was the first genuine attempt to forge an 'international order', to bring long-term peace to a troubled Europe, and to control the pace of political change through international supervision and intervention.
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Napoleon returned to power in 1815 for a short period (the "Hundred Days") which ended with the defeat at Waterloo and his final abdication.
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On April 6, 1814, Napoleon, then in his mid-40s, was forced to abdicate the throne. With the Treaty of Fontainebleau, he was exiled to Elba, a Mediterranean island off the coast of Italy. -
The First Restoration was a period in French history between the abdication of Napoleon I in the spring of 1814 and the Hundred Days, in March 1815. It was the re-establishment of the monarchy, the Restoration.
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The Bourbon Restoration was the period of French history following the first fall of Napoleon on 3 May 1814 to the July Revolution of 26 July 1830, but interrupted by the Hundred Days War from 20 March 1815 to 8 July 1815, during which the House of Bourbon was returned to the French monarchy. Exhausted by decades of war, the nation experienced a period of internal and external peace, stable economic prosperity and the preliminaries of industrialization.
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It established a constitutional monarchy with a bicameral parliament, guaranteed civil liberties, proclaimed religious toleration, and acknowledged Catholicism as the state religion. -
On March 20 1815, Napoleon marched into Paris with his supporters, having escaped from exile in Elba a month earlier. Louis XVIII had fled the capital in terror at the re-emergence of the military hero and former emperor. -
The Battle of Waterloo was fought on Sunday, 18 June 1815, near Waterloo in the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, now in Belgium. A French army under the command of Napoleon was defeated by two of the armies of the Seventh Coalition.
The Battle of Waterloo marked the final defeat of Napoleon. -
On June 22, 1815, four days after losing the conflict, Napoleon abdicated as emperor of France for the second and last time and was later exiled to St. Helena.
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Victoria was queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1837–1901) and empress of India (1876–1901). Her reign was one of the longest in British history, and the Victorian Age was named for her. -
In October 1815 Napoleon was exiled to the remote island of St. Helena in the South Atlantic Ocean, where he remained until he died on May 5, 1821, at age 51. -
The Sultan learned about it and heard some rumors about a conspiracy of the inhabitants against the Empire. This infuriated him and he was turned against this island, that had been so benefited by the Turkish government. In April 1822, he sent a Turkish fleet to destroy Chios and kill all the inhabitants. Approximately three-quarters of the population of 120,000 were killed, enslaved or died of disease. -
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On 15 January 1822, Greece officially declared its independence but it wasn’t until 3 February 1830 that Greece was officially recognised as an independent state. -
The revolution of July 1830 produced a constitutional monarchy. Because of it, Charles X abdicated on the second day of August and departed for Great Britain. And, the provisional government placed on the throne a distant cousin of the king, Louis Philippe of the House of Orleans, who agreed to rule as a constitutional monarch.
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Belgium declared its independence from the Netherlands, and it was recognized in 1831 as a separate nation.
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The period of Queen Victoria's reign, from 1837 until her death in 1901 was marked by sweeping progress and ingenuity. It was the time of the world's first Industrial Revolution, political reform and social change, Charles Dickens and Charles Darwin, a railway boom and the first telephone and telegraph.
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The coronation of Queen Victoria took place on Thursday, 28 June 1838, just over a year after she succeeded to the throne of the United Kingdom at the age of 18. -
It was a series of military engagements fought between Britain and the Qing dynasty. The immediate issue was Britain's determination to force opium sales on China after China's seizure of opium stocks at Canton to stop the banned opium trade, and threatening the death penalty for future offenders. The British government insisted on the principles of free trade, equal diplomatic recognition among nations, and backed the merchants' demands.
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Victoria married her first cousin Albert, prince of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, on February 10, 1840. -
The year of 1848 was painted with the colours of revolution all across continental Europe. Excepting England and Russia, all other states in Europe witnessed a revolution in this year. Thus, this year is popularly known as “the springtime of peoples”.
It remains the most widespread revolutionary wave in European history to date. -
The French Revolution of 1848, also known as the February Revolution, was a revolution in France that ended the July Monarchy and established the French Second Republic. It sparked a wave of revolutions in 1848 in Europe.
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The French Second Republic was the republican government of France that existed between 1848 and 1852. It was established in February 1848, with the February Revolution that overthrew the July Monarchy, and ended in December 1852, after the 1851 coup d'état and when president Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte proclaimed himself Emperor Napoleon III and initiated the Second French Empire. It officially adopted the motto of the First Republic, Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité.
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Universal manhood suffrage is a form of voting rights in which all adult male citizens within a political system are allowed to vote, regardless of income, property, religion, race, or any other qualification. It is sometimes summarized by the slogan, "one man, one vote". -
It was in the office of minister François Arago in the Hôtel de la Marine that the decree to abolish slavery in the French colonies was signed on 27 April 1848 in Paris. -
The June Days uprising was an uprising staged by French workers from 22 to 26 June 1848. It was in response to plans to close the National Workshops, created by the Second Republic in order to provide work and a minimal source of income for the unemployed.
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After a turbulent youth and several attempts to seize power during the July Monarchy, Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte was elected President of the French Second Republic in 1848. -
He turned his presidency into an imperial title thanks to a Coup on 2 December 1851, proclaiming himself Napoleon III, Emperor of the French. -
The Second Empire was period in France under the rule of Emperor Napoleon III. In its early years (1852–59), the empire was authoritarian but enjoyed economic growth and pursued a favourable foreign policy.
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The second Opium War was the result of the desire of Great Britain and France to win additional commercial privileges in China, including the legalization of the opium trade, as well as to gain more legal and territorial concessions in China.
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War in which a coalition of German states led by Prussia defeated France. The war marked the end of French hegemony in continental Europe and resulted in the creation of a unified Germany.
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The French Third Republic was the system of government adopted in France from 4 September 1870, when the Second French Empire collapsed during the Franco-Prussian War, until 10 July 1940, after the Fall of France during World War II led to the formation of the Vichy government.
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The Berlin Conference of 1884–85, also known as the Congo Conference, regulated European colonization and trade in Africa during the New Imperialism period, coinciding with Germany's sudden emergence as an imperial power.
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The Scramble for Africa is the name given to the way in which European countries brought nearly all of the African continent under their control as part of their separate empires. The Scramble for Africa began in the 1880s. -
Fashoda Incident, (September 18, 1898), the climax, at Fashoda, Egyptian Sudan (now Kodok, South Sudan), of a series of territorial disputes in Africa between Great Britain and France. The disputes arose from the common desire of each country to link up its disparate colonial possessions in Africa. -
When Queen Victoria died at the age of 81 on 22 January 1901, it took her family, court and subjects by surprise – very few had been able to contemplate the mortality of the monarch who had ruled over Britain and its empire for almost 64 years. Her death marked the end of the Victorian era. -
Fordism is a term widely used to describe the system of mass production that was pioneered in the early 20th century by the Ford Motor Company or the typical postwar mode of economic growth and its associated political and social order in advanced capitalism. -
Taylorism was the system of scientific management advocated by Fred W. Taylor. In Taylor's view, the task of factory management was to determine the best way for the worker to do the job, to provide the proper tools and training, and to provide incentives for good performance. -
Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir presumptive to the Austro-Hungarian throne, and his wife, Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg, were assassinated on 28 June 1914 by Bosnian Serb student Gavrilo Princip, shot at close range while being driven through Sarajevo. -
The war pitted the Central Powers—mainly Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey—against the Allies—mainly France, Great Britain, Russia, Italy, Japan, and, from 1917, the United States. It ended with the defeat of the Central Powers.