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1502-1524
Shah Ismail established Safavid rule and proclaims his realm under Shi’ite rule, this leads to the the chasm between Iran and its neighbors becoming apparent. -
1502-1722
The Safavid Empire was the basis for modern day Iran and continues to have a long standing impact on Middle Eastern customs and society. -
The son of Ivan III, Vasili III became the Grand Prince of Moscow, reigning from 1505-1533, looking to completing his father's goals.
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Selim the "Grim" began the conquest of lands outside of the Ottoman Empire, his conquest was later continued by his son Suleiman the Great.
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1520-1566
During the sultan Suleiman's reign, the empire was quickly expanding and was a period of peak imperialism. This served as an important step to the Ottoman empire establishing itself as a formidable opponent. -
1520-1566
Suleiman the Magnificent was the most important and successful sultan of his time reigning the Ottoman Empire. He led to the expansion of the Ottoman empire in the Balkans and the eastern Mediterranean. -
Vasili III complete his father's goals and unified independent Russian principalities into the Muscovite dynasty. In doing so, the peoples objected his autocratic tendencies.
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The First Battle of Panipat marked the beginning of the Mughal Empire. Babur was able to defeat the last Muslim sultan of the Delhi Sultanate.
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The Siege of Vienna turned the tide against the Ottomans nearly century's worth of European imperialism.
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Prince Ivan IV (also known as "the Terrible") was named the first tsar of all Russian peoples. During his reign, he was able to conquer a vast amount of lands, to the south and east. He was able to expand the empire through rough conditions; creating a centrally-based government. As he was able to establish a strict ruling, it resulted into a solid central government that allowed the empire to expand further.
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Strategic alliances and powerful friendships were forged with Nobunga and Hideyoshi, The government is established in Edo, becoming the political center of Japan
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Humayun has died due to unfortunate circumstances and Akbar the Great (Humayun's son) succeeds the throne. After Humayan's death, their enemy Sur Dynasty attempted to conquer the Mughal Empire.
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Russia has engaged in a war with Poland, Lithuania, and Sweden to gain control of great Livonia. However, Russia has unsuccessfully obtained Livonia.
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Oda Nobunga begins his territorial expansion, joining forces with Ieyasa. This is an important event because Ieyasa is going to supply the forces necessary for Nobunga to unify the Japanese crumbs.
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Through Akbar's advocation of a multi-religion culture, he created the Divine Faith, incorporating Muslim, Hindu, Zoroastrian, Sikh, and Christian beliefs. He also created an octagonal audience chamber solely for discussions of religious doctrines.
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Under Nobunga's orders, the Buddhist monastery of Mt. Hiei was destroyed. Nobunga would hunt down all the people involved in that monastery because one of the most important factors of unification is religion, and by eliminating Buddhism, he brings the Japanese empire closer to being a homogeneous society.
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Sultan Akbar and a Rajput princess birthed a mixed son, which ensured the future empire to strive for social harmony. Leading the empire onto a Muslim-Hindu ancestry, it created new customs and laws that benefited everyone equally.
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The introduction of tobacco to the Ottoman Empire led to it becoming an important part of Persian life.
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The defeat of the Ottomans at the Battle of Lepanto signified that they were indeed defeatable. This was the first in a series of events that led to the Ottoman Empire defeat.
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Nobunga collects firearms from the western world, allowing him to dominate this battle. Combined with his strategic brilliance, with innovations such as stone forts to combat firearms, iron-cladding warships to fortify them, and appointing his specialized warriors based on ability rather than personal connection, he creates a huge impact on Japanese history.
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A book containing the use of 18,000 different Chinese medicine and ways of treating disease. Advanced book for its time showed the skill Ming dynasty had in medicine.
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Although Russia claims to be of greatness, they were unwealthy and landlocked. However, they did have one route open to expansion, Siberia. Thus, the Strogonovs led the exploration into Siberia. The exploration ended in success as they were able to attain a soft, dense fur that their forest animals grew and use their land for criminal and political prisoners.
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One of the generals in his army lashed out at Nobunga, but it is still unknown whether this was the cause of his death or suicide. Because of this, Hideyoshi, one of Nobunga's trusted advisors, avenges his death by bringing the traitor's decapitated head to Nobunga's grave.
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The Strogonovs were a wealthy Russian trading family that initiated the exploration of Siberia. They were able to destroy the only political power, eventually taking over Siberia and trekking further into Alaska.
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Ivan IV tried to gain control of the Baltic Sea to use against the Livonian Knights, however, the Russians had lost control of the Baltic Sea.
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At first, Hideyoshi valued trade with the Europeans, often allowing them to come into Japan as a sign of hospitality. Eventually, he feared the Christian influence to be too great on his country and outlawed Christianity and expelled the missionaries. The edict was fairly ineffective, but showed the aggression of Hideyoshi's regime.
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1587-1629
Shah Abbas was the most renowned ruler of the Safavid Empire and fostered the illustrious Persian rug trade. -
Hideyoshi forbids that peasants own any weapons, hoping to stifle any rebellions before they happen.
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1590-1610
The Anatolia revolts signified the internal conflicts between the Ottoman government and the calvarymen; thus further weakening the state and eventually leading to its ultimate demise. -
The Japanese attempt to conquer the Korean peninsula, but are repelled by Ming reinforcements.The Japanese eventually give up because they do not gain or lose any land.
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Hideyoshi executes 24 Christians. First, capturing 24 in Kyoto and chopping off their left ears. They were marched through Kyoto while the public audience taunted them. They arrived in Nagasaki and get executed by impalement and are then hung for 80 days. No Christians gave up their religion during this time, making them martyrs for the religion. Ironically, Hideyoshi's actions inspire the Christian communities in Japan.
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The Japanese capture a few cities, but are eventually forced back. A ten-month stalemate ensues until the death of the Japanese general, resulting in a peace negotiation.
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After long years of ruling (1276-1598), they have participated in events that impacted the “force” of Russia. Some events may include raids, trading, etc., which applied fear into enemies who tried to take over Russia. As people were fearful of Russia, it allowed them to prosper over a longer period of time.
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This is an important marker to Shah Abbas’s focus on the arts and opulence of Safavid society.
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This era (1598-1613) marks the end of the older line of Muscovite rulers. The last Russian tsar, Feodor Ivanovich died (1598) while the Romanov Dynasty was established (1613). More events preceded, resulting in the instability of Russia's empire.
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Boris Godunov was elected the first non-rurikid tsar, reigning from 1598-1605. It was after Godunov's reign did Russia enter into the era of the "Time of Troubles"
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Since Akbar's oldest son, Jahangir's is the declared successor, he leads a rebellion against Akbar while he is busy away with a foreign military campaign.
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The Little Ice Age was a climatic event, it exacerbated the Ottoman Empire's resources and made the strain between the calvarymen and the government even worse, leading to the Anatolian revolts.
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During the "Time of Troubles", Russia witnessed the worst famine they experienced. The famine had wiped out almost 1/3 of their population (2 million people). This famine led to the intentions of overthrowing their tsar, Boris Godunov.
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Ieyasu subdues the barbaric vie for power and unifies Japan, becoming the first Shogun. This is important because it marks the beginning of the Japanese Shogunate.
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1603-1618
This war between the Ottoman and Safavid Empires led to the Ottomans losing the lands they received through the Ferhat Pasha Treaty. -
Through the immense support of the harem women, Jahangir was able to successfully conquer the throne. His sons tried to rebel against him so he killed them off along with his supporters. Through his reign, he was addicted to alcohol and opium, neglecting his priorities of a ruler.
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Threatened by the spread of Christian ideas, Ieyasa expels all of the Portuguese and Spanish missionaries, isolating Japan further.
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The Dutch East India company sends merchants to Japan, and upon obtaining a license, they are allowed to trade with the Japanese. A Dutch trading house is set up in Hirado. This is important because people are allowed to trade with Europeans indirectly.
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The first warehouse was established on the western coast of India, Surat. The warehouse was used to store and protect Indian goods and valubales.
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Due to the "Time of Troubles", Russian aristocracy had to allow Mikhail Romanov to establish the Romanov Dynasty. The Romanov Dynasty was able to successfully compete with neighboring powers,.
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The Tokugawa armies plow through the barricades and burn the Osaka castle to the ground. This ends the Toyotimi rule in Japan.
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After a trip with a goal of restoring his health, Jahangir decided to return back to Lahore in the midst of a sever cold. However, he never made it back. After his death, he was succeeded by Shah Jahan, his son.
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After sending troops to the Ming dynasty, the enemies, the Jin, attack the Joseon dynasty, attempting to gain resources from the Koreans. This event is important because the Koreans were severely weakened by this event.
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The death of Shah Abbas marked the decline of the Safavid overland trade, which ultimately led to the decline of the empire.
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Shah Jahan, the fifth emperor of Mughal ordered to annihilate the Hindu temples, disrupting the long-standing record of religious tolerance. This event impacted the empire as he was known for being one of the greatest benefactors to their architecture, although he did destroy buildings; he was able to use the open land to build new architecture that still stands today.
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Iemitsu forbids foreign ships from entering Japan anywhere except Nagasaki harbor. This is extremely restrictive as many ships had to sail around instead of getting a direct path to Japan.
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All sea certifications were revoked. Japanese seamen were forbidden from leaving the country as well as working on foreign ships. This is important because it limits the amount of communication between Japan and the European world.
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The Qing dynasty begins to make a formal invasion on Korea, officially severing the relationship between Joseon Korea and the Ming dynasty. This is important because these countries have been allied for a long time.
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instability of paper currency led it to be replaced by coins from Spain and Japan. A drop of imports spurred a crises and left dynasty reeling.
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The Hung Tajiki renamed his people the Manchus and declared himself the emperor of a new Qing dynasty. Leading to an open rebellion with the Ming Dynasty.
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The shogunate ban Christianity, oversea travel, and Portuguese ships by this time. They allow the Dutch in the lands because they never tried to spread Christianity. The Dutch team up with the Chinese to trade with the Japanese. This is important because the only source of European information comes from these two sources.
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To prevent li zincheng from taking over the Ming Flood Kaifeng from water from the Yellow River. Almost 600,000 residents are killed. Leading to anger from citizens of Ming Dynasty and growing tension.
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Peasant rebellion due to the rise of taxes by the government led the people to rebel and the Quin dynasty started.
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The wall of china had been under construction since the Ming started their dynasty in the 1300's and it ended before their reign it was a big point of attack by the Quin.
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He was the last Ming emperor committed suicide once his forces were overtaken and ended the Ming dynasty completely
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During the long periods of warfare, the peasants were able to escape to the Cossacks or into Siberia. Due to the large amounts that ran away, a law change occurred. Peasants were transformed into serfs who were legally bounded to a landowner and forced to complete specific tasks.
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This emperor was able to establish Qing's rule over the entire Chinese empire after the defeat of the Ming making it a powerful empire.
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After the Second Manchu invasion of Korea, Joseon Korea was forced to give several of their royal princesses as concubines to the Qing Manchu regent Prince Dorgon
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Aurangzeb, who reigned from 1658-1707, reinstituted restrictions on Hindus. He disagreed with Akbar's ways as they were actions that goes against the way of Islamic life. Thus, Aurangzeb created a book that listed out the specific laws and restrictions of the Islamic life to make it easier for the people to follow. He was considered the last of the great Mughal emperors.
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Solidified rule of Qing dynasty and made improvements such as stabilizing flow of yellow river which eliminated flooding and repairing grand canal wich facilitated transport from south to North
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Although opulence and over-the-top demonstrations are prohibited, a lot of time was actually spent at theaters and libraries (and brothels [nice]). Arts begin to flourish. This is important because it signifies that Japan is prospering.
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Peter the Great initiated an infiltration into western European societies to find out how they were able to keep an effective ruling. He specifically paid attention to the navy-military, and focused on expanding and reforming the empire. The expansions and reformations led to a successful win during the Great Northern War.
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From the 1700-1721, the Great Northern War was occurring. As the Russians had a more advanced military, they were able to take over the Swedish's control of the Baltic Sea. This resulted into European recognition that Russia was a major power.
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Qing Dynasty Began to decline due to the corruption of some government officials. This lead to dishonesty in Chinese bureaucracy and mistrust
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An argument caused a daimyo to attack a Japanese official, resulting in a death by suicide punishment. In return, the Ronin that were with the daimyo decapitate the official and parade him through the streets. Although the Ronin had obeyed their code, they had violated Japanese law.
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The city of St. Petersburg was captured by Peter the Great and it became Russia's capital in 1712. As this was during the time of Russia's Reformation, he ordered to build eloquent and sophisticated houses and public buildings in the baroque style.
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The Dutch grow quite angry with the Japanese, who, in response, lift the ban on imported books. This is important because it allows a lot of outside information to be let in to Japan for the first time in over 70 years.
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Peter the Great issued a proclamation that stated "[the tsar] is not obliged to answer to anyone in the world for his doings, but possesses power and authority over his kingdom and land, to rule them at his will and pleasure as a Christian ruler". As this idea spread, he was able to rule with a complete autocracy, cutting out traditional roles like boyars.
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Yoshimune attempts to break the conventions of the Japanese, supporting scientific experimentation and getting along with the public. He was known for mingling with the common people.
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1718-1730
Ottomans influenced highly by Europeans, specifically tulips and this gave way to a conservative Janissary revolt based around religion. -
This treaty was signed between the Ottoman Empire, Austro-Hungary, and Venice.
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The Safavid Empire had grown so weak from inner turmoil and lack of government, it was eventually invaded and destroyed by Afghan invaders.
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He takes over after his father at the age of 7. He reigns for 61 years and evolves painting, porcelain making and literature. Allowing for there to be so much culture of that time still in China today.
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When Kangxi dies in 1722, his son Yongzheng takes the throne. He encourages learning, and even has a 10,000 chapter encyclopedia printed.
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marked the height of Qing power. During this period, the Qing Empire ruled over 13 million square kilometers of territory.
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Qing started to feel threatened by Christian missionaries because it felt its culture was being threatened and so it lead to the ban on Christianity.
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The Janissary revolts following the Tulip Period also symbolised the internal weakness among the Ottomans. The lower class Janissaries and the upper class revelers in the Tulip Period opulence were at odds which led to an extremely weakened state.
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Nizam al-Mulk established his own independent state at Hyderabad when he claimed that the Mughal's central government was falling. Other nawabs followed in his footsteps, leading to an increase in establishments of independent kingdoms.
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The empire is at its peak of increasing wealth through foreign trade. Rice production increase and as so china also becomes wealthier and needed in trade.
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A warlord named Nadir Shah invaded the empire and seized the peacock throne, which was a symbol of Mughal grandeur.
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This treaty was signed between the Ottoman Turks and the Habsburgs that ended the Austro-Hungarian War.
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His rule was prosperous and saw the population of the empire grow to almost 300 millions well as add both Xianjiang and Tibet as provinces.
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Limit spread of Christianity. Guangzhou becomes the only trading port in china and merchants were not allowed to land in china soil and required to be under supervision. Created tension between china and western world.
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Emperor Shah Alam II was ruling amidst a crumbling empire. During his reign, he was working on restoring and glorifying the empire. However, he was able to receive help with an alliance with the Durrani Empire.
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Catherine the Great was Russia's longest female ruling, reigning from 1762 until her death in 1796. During her reign, she was able to lead Russia into modernizing and expanding its territories.
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This treaty ended the Russo-Turk War between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Turks, a war in which the Ottomans lost.
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A famine hits the Japanese population, with a death toll in the hundred thousands. Damaged crops, cold winds, and flooding destroy agricultural developments. The high taxes that were implemented left most farmers without any surplus, leaving them devastated when this famine hit. This results in cannibalism, dog and cat eating, and even foraging.
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The Americans and Russians land on Japanese shores. The Americans camouflaged themselves to avoid conflicts with the Japanese. The Russians raided communities when their trade proposals were rejected.
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China wants their silks, tea etc. to be paid in silver not other foreign goods. this leads France and England to start the opium addiction of china.
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After Catherine the Great's reign was over, Russia was able to expand all the way towards northern and northeastern Eurasia.
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China also began suffering from mounting overpopulation during this period. Population growth was stagnant for the first half of the 17th century due to civil wars and epidemics
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China began opening its doors to trade in western world due to its fast addiction of opium Britain controlled china trade routes.