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Royal Proclamation of 1763
A Royal Proclamation notes aboriginal claims to lands and says treaties with natives will be handled by the Crown. It was the first step in recognising First Nations rights. -
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The War of 1812
Along with the Métis, the First Nations allianced with the British to prevent Americans from expanding into present-day Canada, and proved to be a crucial asset of the war. They were seen as exceptional fighters during the war. -
Confederation of Canada (British North America Act)
The British North America Act gives the federal government responsibility for aboriginals and their lands. This was also the confederation of Canada. -
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Red River Rebellion
The Red River Rebellion was a Métis rebellion taking place from 1869 to 1870. When the ownership of Rupert's Land was transfered from the HBC to the newly formed Canda, the Métis revolted for rights and culture. -
The Opening of the first residential school
The school was initially established for a variety of reasons. From an Indigenous point of view, many indigenous leaders thought of a school as beneficial to understanding the culture of the Europeans, previously complete strangers. On the other hand, however, they were envisioned to be buildings where Indigenous children would be stripped of their identity and ties cut from their own culture, something Indigenous leaders had not wished for whatsoever. -
Treaty number 1
The first of the numbered treaties. This treaty called for the First Nations to give up large portion of land in the southeast and south-central current day Manitoba.These lands were to include areas around Lake Manitoba and Winnipeg as well as around the Red River Valley (which would later be the site of a Metis rebellion) -
Treaty number 2
This treaty was also known as the "Manitoba Post Treaty," named after the fur trading post of the Hudson's Bay Company where the treaty was signed. Manitoba Post was located on the northwest shore of Lake Manitoba. The terms of this treaty were similar to that of Treaty 1. -
Treaty number 3
Treaty 3 was an agreement agreed to by Chief Mikiseesis on behalf of the Ojibwe First Nations and Queen Victoria. The treaty promised large parts of what is now northwestern Ontario and a small part of eastern Manitoba (which was then Ojibwe territory) to the Government of Canada. -
Treaty number 4
The area covered by Treaty 4 consists mostly of Saskatchewan, with some parts of Alberta and Manitoba. This treaty is also called the "Qu'Appelle Treaty," as its first signings were conducted at Fort Qu'Appelle. It was signed between the Queen and the Saulteaux First Nations. -
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Treaty number 5
Treaty Five is a treaty that was signed by Queen Victoria and Saulteaux and Swampy Cree First Nations. Much of Manitoba was covered by the treaty, as well a few pieces of Saskatchewan and Ontario. -
Indian Act
The Indian Act was a passing of law that affected many aspects of the life of First Nations in Canada. To this day, it remains as one of the most controversial laws passed, and it continues affecting the present-day First Nations. -
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Treaty number 6
Treaty 6 is an agreement between the Crown and the Plains and Woods Cree, Assiniboine at Fort Carlton and Fort Pitt. Treaty 6 included terms that were not in Treaties 1 to 5, including a medicine chest at the house of the Indian agent on the reserve, protection from famine, and on-reserve education. -
Treaty number 7
Treaty 7 is an agreement between Canadian Crown and several, mainly Blackfoot, First Nation band governments in the southern part of Alberta. The idea for treaties for Blackfoot lands was brought to a Blackfoot chief named Crowfoot by John McDougall in 1875. -
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Northwest rebellion
A brief and unsuccessful uprising of by the Métis under Louis Riel, First Nations Cree and Assiniboine against the government. -
Francis Pegahmagabow's Birth
Francis Pegahmagabow was a First Nations war hero, and would later prove to be a skilled fighter and an important asset of World War I. -
Treaty number 8
Treaty 8 covered segments of today's Northwest Territories, Alberta, Saskatchewan, and British Columbia. Initially caused by the discovery of valuable minerals in the vicinity of the land, the government was quick to initiate a treaty with the indigenous groups within it, though they refused to sign the treaty until several more things were added, such as medication along with rights. However, numerous of these weren't honored by the government themselves. -
Treaty number 9
Treaty 9, covering most of today's Ontario, was created mostly for expansion of Canada and the gathering of resources. In exchange, the First Nations living there were offered payment, education, and rights. The treaty was also known as the James Bay Treaty. -
Treaty number 10
Treaty 10 covered a large stretch of Saskatchewan and Alberta. As a search for expansion of land and settlement, the government was initially reluctant to agree upon making a treaty, despite indigenous groups in the area consistently requesting such, due to the poor conditions of agriculture, but eventually the government gave in and signed the treaty. -
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Treaty 11
Treaty 11 was the last of the numbered treaties, covering a large portion of today's Yukon, Northwest Territories and Nunavut. It was initially created due to the discovery of oil, deemed to be highly profitable. Groups involved would be allowed to keep all their rights, but as a result of the hastiness of its creation along with the lack of description, the groups involved were disarrayed and upset, especially considering numerous promises within the treaty itself remained unfulfilled. -
Changes to the Indian Act
Major changes to the Indian Act remove a number of discriminatory rules, including a ban on native consumption of alcohol, although it is only allowed on reserves. -
Francis Pegahmagabow's Death
After a long life, Francis ultimately said goodbye after a devastating heart attack, after previously suffering from severely damaged lungs. He left six children to carry his honor. -
Closing of last residential school
The last federally-run residential school was closed in Saskatchewan.