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(M) First school museum
Opened in St. Louis -
(M) Publishing of Visual Education
A teachers guide. -
(M) First public school uses films for instruction
Rochester, New York -
Period: to
(M) Visual to audiovisual instruction shift
A shift in instruction was experienced due to technological advances in radio, picture, and recordings. -
(M) Merger and creation of Department of Visual Instruction
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(M) Visualizing the Curriculum was written
Hierarchy of media -
Period: to
(M) Creation of 457 training videos
Training videos for war training: took less time without having an impact on effectiveness. -
Period: to
(M) 4 million showings of training films
Military saw audiovisual devices as effective training tools for soldiers. -
Period: to
(M) Increase in instructional television
242 tv stations for instructions
Ford foundation spending $170 million on educational television -
Period: to
(M) Early work of CAI
Little impact on education -
Period: to
(D) Silvern: Influential design builder
Extremely detailed/complex work was mostly with the military personnel and the field of aerospace. His models aren't used often but continue to be great resources. -
(D) "The Science of Learning and the Art of Teaching"
An article that created a minor revolution in the area of education -
Period: to
(D) Programmed instruction movement
Played a large role in the creation of 'systems approach' -
(D) Writing objectives
Robert Mager shared the need for educators to base curriculum on objectives in "Preparing Objectives for Programmed Instruction". -
(D) Criterion-referenced testing
Robert Glaser used criterion referenced measures during testing to "assess student entry level behavior and to determine the extent to which students had acquired the behaviors an instructional program was designed to teach". -
Period: to
Instructional technology as a process
During this time period, many leaders stopped limiting instructional technology to simple media and started adopting a process approach to instructional technology -
(D) The Conditions of Learning
Robert Gagne - 5 domains of learning outcomes
Gagne played a large role in the development in instructional design. -
Period: to
(D) Increased interest of design process
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Period: to
(D) Continued growth in instructional design
Increased use of personal computers
Business and industry
Military
International
Interest in how psychology applies to design process -
(M) Use of computers in schools
40% in elementary schools
75% secondary schools -
Period: to
(D) Human performance improvement movement
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Period: to
(M) 22% increase in online course
From 10% to 32% of individuals taking an online course -
(M) 64% of students use phones for schoolwork
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(D) Linear instructional design model
Dick, Carey, and Carey developed one of the most well known instructional design models. Concepts were portrayed as boxes connected by one-way arrows.