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Established the Supreme Court
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Federalists oppose it, Anti-Federalists support (U.S. Neutral)
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opposed by Jefferson
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*By George Washington...
*Keeps America neutral after France declares war on Britain, Spain, and Holland...
*Example of U.S. foreign policy -
Illegal to help slaves escape
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Creates massive increase of slaves in the South
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1st time U.S. Government uses Federal troops to subdue domestic issues (Farmers did not like new excise taxes)
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U.S. cheaply pays 12 Native American tribes for Ohio territory
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Spain gives U.S. navigation rights on Mississippi River, New Orleans
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*John Adams (Federalist) defeats Thomas Jefferson (Republican) in first contested Presidential Election...*Jefferson becomes Vice President
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French try to extort U.S. for diplomatic meetings – public wants war
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Expands Gov’t power, limit dissent and weakening of Gov’t, ruled unconstitutional
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Increase state rights over Federal rights, written by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison
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Increase state rights over Federal rights, written by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison
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Major religious reform movement; helps increase abolition
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Alexander Hamilton suggests U.S. capital moves to Washington, D.C. (move helps gain
Southern support for Hamilton’s economics) -
John Marshall becomes first chief justice of the Supreme Court -Judiciary Act/Midnight Judges – Adams attempt to secure the Federalist party days before he is to leave office by appointing Federalists into office
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Not known to Jefferson if it was constitutional to annex land, Congress approves purchase from France, doubles the size of U.S.
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Aaron Burr kills Alexander Hamilton in a duel
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Lewis and Clark Expedition sets to survey land of Louisana Purchase (Sacagawea guided)
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Placed by Jefferson on Britain/France; fails – hurts U.S. economy
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James Madison elected President
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Tecumseh establishes union of Native Americans to resist westward movement of U.S.
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William Henry Harrison leads attack on Tecumseh at Battle of Tippecanoe(wins)
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‘Era of Good Feelings’ (one party politics) begins in the U.S.
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(issues – impressments, blockades, economy, Native Americans)
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Native Americans begin attacking U.S. settlers (weapons provided by Britain)
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New England’s states threaten secession; Federalist Party is no more
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Good relations with Britain begins (i.e. sharing of Oregon Territory)
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Transportation revolution
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Construction begins (connects Great Lakes to Atlantic Ocean)
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Ruling confirms Congresses’ right to found the 2nd Bank of the United States
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Sets dividing line between free and slaves states at
latitude 36’30’ o Above line (free), Below line (slave) -
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Claims western hemisphere closed to European intervention (first major U.S. foreign diplomacy)
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Establishes federal control of interstate commerce
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Giving government positions to friends or colleagues (Andrew Jackson)
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Authorizes forcible westward relocation of Native American
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Invents mechanical reaper – transforms agriculture
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Transcendentalism (individualism)
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Civil Disobedience
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Reforms in education
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Cherokee tribes sent on forced removal to Oklahoma, 4,000 die on way
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U.S. destiny and duty to expand and conquer the west
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Wants immediate emancipation (he was white)
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Creates North Star abolitionist newspaper, writes Narratives of...
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Ends Mexican War, Mexico cedes Texas and all land north of the Rio Grande to U.S. (creates modern border of the U.S. with
Gadsden Purchase) -
North gets California as free states, ban of sale of slaves in D.C.
South gets stricter enforcement of Fugitive Slave Act, $10 mil to Texas -
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Repeals Missouri Compromise, popular sovereignty to determine slave/free states
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John Brown leads antislavery massacre at Pottawatomie Creek, fight over slavery in Kansas
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Ruling effectively nullifies Missouri Compromise, declares that slaves are property – cannot sue.
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Stephen Douglas wins Illinois Senate seat. Lincoln a household name
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1st and only President
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Confederates attack Union – war starts
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160 acres to each farmer willing to cultivate land in West
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Bloodiest battle of the Civil War
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Turning point of Civil War; South never recovers
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Frees slaves in only Confederate states; foreign diplomacy!
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‘March to Sea’ – Atlanta to Savannah – destroys everything!
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Limits rights of freed blacks
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Abolishes slavery
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Grants citizenship to all people born in U.S. (14th
Amendment) -
Used to impeach Andrew Johnson (said he had violated it)
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Grants protection of voting rights to black males
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First black senator – Mississippi
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Greatest example of a political machine (NYC)
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Authority of state governments over individuals
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Corruption in Grants administration & Republican party
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Gets women’s suffrage vote to Congress – leads to 19th Amendment
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Gradual approach to equal rights – prove yourself W.E.B Dubois – changes in civil rights now; founds the NAACP
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Bans Chinese immigration for 10 years
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Standard Oil Trust; Andrew Carnegie – Steel
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Denies tribal rights, advances forced assimilation, opens lands to whites
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Federal forces massacre 200 Sioux Indians
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Outlaws monopolies, price-fixing, other trade restraints
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Formed specifically to give farmers a voice in government
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Journalism that features unethical or unprofessional practices by news media
organizations or individual journalists. -
‘Separate but Equal’ is constitutional (overturned by Brown vs. Board of Education)
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Voting rights of blacks challenged with literacy tests and poll taxes
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Ends the Spanish-American War
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Teddy Roosevelt leads Rough Riders, U.S. crushes Spain’s Navy
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Increases U.S. presence in Latin America
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Writers who expose big business corruption
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Connects the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans (opens in 1914)
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Establishment of income tax , 17th Amend.– direct election of senators
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Outlaws purchase, sale, and transport of alcohol
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Ends WWI; calls for heavy reparations on Germany, disarmament, and creation of League of Nations; U.S. Senate rejects it
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Women’s suffrage (right to vote)
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Exposes massive corruption in Harding Administration
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Ease war reparations on Germany
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Popularizes debate over teaching evolution in schools – outlawed
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Completes world’s first solo flight across Atlantic – seen as a hero
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Executed for murder; controversial because the were anarchists, politically
motivated and unjustified -
‘Black Tuesday’ – launches Great Depression
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forced out
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FDR address public on radio – continues to 1944 – gives public hope
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oAAA – controls crop production, compensates farmers for cooperation
oTVA – established to construct dams in Tennessee River to generate electricity
oNIRA – sets nationwide business practices
oNRA – manage industry recovery
oPWA – employ jobless -
Shifts presidential inaugurations from March to January
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Repeals 18th amendment (prohibition)
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Criticizes FDR, “Share Our Wealth” proposes large tax burden on wealthy
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Supports union rights, protects collective bargaining
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Establishes funds for unemployed and elderly
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Provides U.S. loan aid to Britain, USSR & allied powers
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Agreement b/n U.S President FDR and Britain Prime Minister Churchill
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motivate U.S. citizens to support war efforts
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U.S. defeats Japan, seen as turning point in the war in the Pacific
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begins to break down Axis position on western front
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prosecute Nazi war criminals Baby Boom, Economic Prosperity
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describes division of Communist Eastern Europe from Western Europe
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U.S. intent to fight Communism by helping free nations resist it.
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Postwar economic recovery to help Western Europe; largest relief aid given by the U.S. in U.S. history
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USSR blocks all aid into West Berlin; Berlin Airlift – U.S. drops food and supplies by air to West Berlin
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Alliance system of 26 countries in North America and Europe
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U.S. aids South Korea against North Korea; Peace Treaty in 1953
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Begins rabid anti-communist campaign; hurt when he accuses military of having communists; alcoholic
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Julius and Ethel Rosenberg executed for espionage; Alger Hiss convicted of perjury – 1991 Soviet documents confirm their guilt!
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Overturns Plessy vs. Ferguson; says separate but equal is unconstitutional
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(Truman) must stop spread of all communism; “Domino Theory” (Eisenhower) – fears that Indochina must not go communist or it will spread all over the world
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temporally divides Vietnam at 17th parallel
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creates polio vaccine
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Sputnik
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JFK vs. Nixon (JFK wins); JFK president 1960
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failed invasion of Cuba by U.S. (CIA) trained military
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divides East and West Berlin (East was communist)
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standoff b/n U.S. and USSR after Soviets placed missiles in Cuba pointed at the United States; no fighting incurs
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launches “Great Society” program to end poverty and racism
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bans discrimination in education, employment, & public places
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broadens LBJ’s military powers in Vietnam – no declare war
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bans literacy tests for voting
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blamed whites for African American problems; assassinated
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police must read suspects their rights
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first black justice of the Supreme Court
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turning point of U.S. in Vietnam
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U.S. soldiers kill 200 innocent men, women, and children
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7,000 page document outlining U.S. government plan in Vietnam; shows gov’t was not telling truth to public.
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Nixon authorizes break-in and wiretapping of Democratic National Committee headquarters in Watergate complex in Washington, D.C.
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Legalizes abortion (up to 3 months)
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Fuel shortage in U.S. due to OPEC raising prices
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Pardons Nixon; Ford is only President never voted into office.
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Carter negotiates peace between Egypt and Israel
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Nuclear power accident causes concern of nuclear safety
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Space based missile defense proposed
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