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Italian painter and architect in Florence led the way in the use of realism especially in his treatment of the human body and face.
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Father of Humanism. Came up with the idea to study Latin and Greek texts. Came up with the term "Dark Ages"
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Sculptor revived the classical figure, with its balance
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responsible for the early development of Portuguese exploration and maritime trade with other continents through the systematic exploration of Western Africa, the islands of the Atlantic Ocean, and the search for new routes.
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best embody the new concept of the
Renaissance artist as genius. Was an artist, mathmatician, scientist, sculptur ect. -
Final end of the Roman Empire, became the Ottoman Empire and became Islamic. Became the end of the Middle Ages
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More texts in Vernacular language, spread of literacy and knowledge
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First monarch of the House of Tudor, restoration of politic stability
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the Grand Commissioner for indulgences in Germany. Tetzel was reputedly known for granting indulgences in exchange for money, which allow a remission of temporal punishment due to sin, the guilt of which has been forgiven
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Civic humanist who wrote the Prince
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Michelangelo went to Rome and began a series of statues, paintings, and
architectural projects of considerable note, including the Pieta, Moses, the
redesigning of the Capitoline Hill in central Rome, and, most amously, the dome for Saint Peter’s and the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel. -
became the most sought after artist in Europe,
overseeing a large workshop with many collaborators and writing treatises on his philosophy of art in which he emphasized the importance of developing an orderly sequence of design and proportion. -
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The Swiss humanist, priest, and admirer of Erasmus,
was convinced that Christian life rested on the Scriptures, which were the pure
words of God and the sole basis of religious truth. Like Luther, he went on to attack indulgences and clerical celibacy, and then went
even further in criticizing the Mass and monasticism. -
The Society of Jesus, or Jesuits, founded by Ignatius Loyola played a
powerful role in strengthening Catholicism in Europe and spreading the faith around
the world. -
English and radical changes in English constitution
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Created Spain to be overall a Christian state, new world discovered by Columbus, Spanish Inquisition created to take out undesirables.
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In france, A prodigal patron of the arts, he initiated the French Renaissance by attracting many Italian artists to work on the Château de Chambord, including Leonardo da Vinci, who brought the Mona Lisa with him, which Francis had acquired. Francis' reign saw important cultural changes with the rise of absolute monarchy in France, the spread of humanism and Protestantism, and the beginning of French exploration of the New World. Jacques Cartier and others claimed lands in the Americas for Franc
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Holy Roman Emperor
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Fresco painted by Raphael
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Calvin believed that God had specifically selected him to reform the church, and
beginning in 1541, he worked assiduously to establish a Christian society in
Geneva ruled by God through civil magistrates and reformed ministers. The cornerstone of Calvin’s theology, embodied in The Institutes of the Christian
Religion. was his belief in the absolute sovereignty and omnipotence of God and the total weakness of humanity. Calvin ascribed to the theological principle called pre -
Written by Machiavelli as first modern form of politics. States it's better to be loved then feared and do what ever it takes to remain in power.
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prominent Spanish mystic, Roman Catholic saint, Carmelite nun, an author of the Counter Reformation and theologian of contemplative life through mental prayer. She was a reformer of the Carmelite Order and is considered to be a founder of the Discalced Carmelites along with John of the Cross.
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Written by Martin Luther to point out the faults of the Catholic Church. Hung up at Wittenberg
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Reformation of the Church started by Martin Luther
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Men and women
cannot actively work to achieve salvation; rather, God in his infinite wisdom decided at the beginning of time who would be saved and who damned -
Heliocentric model
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Response to Reformation, Council of Trent
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Pope Paul III established the Holy Office, with jurisdiction over the Roman
Inquisition, which had the power to arrest, imprison, and execute suspected
heretics. -
Coexist of Cathlocism and Lutheranism ending struggle but did not completely stabilize
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Gave land of spain to his son Philip
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English defeated invincible armada made England a world class power and introduced naval battle
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Gave Calvinists in France rights
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Parliament was abolished and created council of the state but did not last long