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1600 BCE
Bering Land Bridge
The Bering Land Bridge connected Russia to Alaska. First wave was 27,000 years ago. Clovis points were invented to hunt. Second Wave occurred 8,000 years ago, ancestors of modern SW Natives.. The 3rd wave was the last major wave that happened 5,000 years ago and the ancestor where of Arctic Natives. -
Period: 1600 BCE to 1519
Beginnings to Exploration
In this era, we learn about the early survival that Native American settlers faced. The European society suffers dark ages, but it makes a comeback called the Renaissance. Explorers like Christopher Columbus and Amerigo Vespucci. These years represent the beginning to a new society. -
1200 BCE
Mesoamerica
Mesoamerica was the beginning of New World agriculture. Olmecs created ballgame, bloodletting, pyramids, and chocolate. Mayans developed a caste system, continued bloodletting, and developed a written language. Aztecs had the most European like city, Tenochtitlan. Caste system and human sacrifice will continue. -
500 BCE
Dark Ages
Dark Ages (Middle Ages) is the period of time of the fall of the Roman Empire and the beginning of the Renaissance. The European society hit a time where the economy went down, no higher learning, and domination by the Catholic Church. Feudalism succeeded Roman Law. Lords were at the top, followed by vassals, and peasants. -
1095
The Crusades
The Crusades brings back knowledge. Mostly religious massacres. It awarded indulgence (forgiveness). Templars (knights) -
1348
The Black Death
The Black Death arrived in ships which caused many who were aboard to die and cause illness to those who survived. 40-50% of Europe died. No workers, merchant society forms, and a new economy. This disease could've spread through air, or bites of infected fleas or rats. -
1400
The Renaissance
The Renaissance was a cultural movement after the black death occurred. Technology and art was reborn. Leonardo daVinci & Michaelangelo were involved in artistry, making sculptures and painting. Printing Press was made in 1440 to quickly spread literary works. It transformed Europe, as well as the rest of the world. Interest in science arose, and medicine will become more advanced. -
1492
Exploration
1492, Portugal starts wander in oceanic trade. Henry the navigator voyage in caravels were gotten to investigate African Coast, and Atlantic Exploration. Spain competed with Portugal with trade. Christopher Columbus, a sailor, governor, & admirer, believed the earth was round. Ferdinand & Isabella confirm his request of 4 voyages, to prove direct route to Asia. Amerigo Vespucci realized Christopher found new continent. Treaty of Tordesillas settled fight between Spain & Portugal over territory. -
1492
Columbian Exchange
The Columbian Exchange describes the interchange of foods, diseases, animals, and plants. An exchange of goods from Old World to New World. It was named after Christopher Columbus and benefits mostly go to Old World. The disease wiped out the Indian population and many different fruits and animals are exchanged. -
1519
Conquest of the New World
Hernan Cortez heard of tales of gold and sails from Cuba to find it. The Aztecs, who supposedly held all this gold, trusted Cortez but he betrayed them. He takes Emperor Montezume hostage. The spanish had the advantege of weapons, horses, & disease. This was the Conquest of the Aztecs. Conquest of the Inca was easier to take because they were on decline. Francisco Pizarro led, to take Atahualpa (leader of Inca). -
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English Colonial Societies
The English Colonial Societies include the Chesapeake colonies, New England colonies, Caribbean colonies, and the Proprietary colonies. Colonists begin making new creations and finding new ways to make their own form of society. Also, ways to make money and profit are introduced, like plantations and a Headright system. Though, there still are problems which has an impact on the colonies. -
Plymouth Colony
The Plymouth colony was made up from Puritans who were trying to reform society. They believed England and Holland were too corrupt. Later on, they'll be called Pilgrims. They sailed on Mayflower and landed 100m North. The Mayflower Compact (1620) legally made settlement. It was a hard life but Squanto, a Native American from the Patuxet tribe was there to help them survive the winter in the New World. -
Virginia
In Virginia, tobacco became the main cash crop. Over one million pounds exported to England by 1630. There was labor difficulty because of indentured servants. They were contracted for 4-7 years. It was a hard life but the employers fed and clothed the servants. Tools and clothes were given to them when contract was done. -
Maryland
The Maryland Colonies are classified as southern colonies. George Calvert(Lord Baltimore) founded this colony in 1633. This would be a religiously free colony and named after the king James I wife, queen Henrietta Maria. Cecil Calvert will inherit his father's title and become proprietor. It would require settlers to have provisions. Because of the region, tobacco will become the main cash crop. Over 1 million pounds are exported to England by 1630. -
Navigation Acts
The Navigation Acts required a limited Dutch trade with English colonies. Additional Acts passed, requiring all gods to be transported on English or colonial American ships. The series of acts passed in the English Parliament were also designed to collect taxes in the colonies. They were trying to encourage British shipping. -
Glorious Revolution
King James II, was replaced by his protestant daughter Mary and her Dutch husband, William of Orange. William and Mary will sign the English Bill of Rights. It excluded Catholics form the Monarchy, protected basic rights of the people, no excessive bail, no cruel or unusual punishment, and arms are suitable for defense. -
Salem Witch Trials
This tragic episode occurred in Massachusetts in which more than 200 people were accused for practicing witchcraft. The Salem Witch Trials began once a group of young girls claimed to be possessed by the devil and they accused everyone who weren't as important in the society- at the bottom of the social caste. -
Act of Union (1707)
The Act of Union is passed by the United England and Scotland. The purpose of it is to dissolve both parliaments and replace them with a new one.The New Britain is now an empire. A Federal system with central authority and local government. -
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Colonial America
Colonial America is the time of growth. Life in the late 17th century is simplistic and few luxury goods, but changes arise in the 18th century. It is a time of Enlightenment and Great Awakening. New reasons and science come from enlightenment thinkers. Religion changes as well and Native Americans begin using Jesus as a symbol. Trade becomes big in America. -
The Great Awakening
The Great Awakening was a religious revival that brought new ideas and made advances. John Edwards was a philosopher and minister who warned others of hell but unless they repent and ask God for mercy, they will be saved. George Whitfield preached about the gospel and led revival meetings. Native Americans will begin using Jesus as a symbol. Samuel Davies living in Virginia, was also a preacher. -
Slavery in the Lower South
The south was a region in which the soil was fertile and useful to grow plantations. As new discoveries of crops were made, colonists became more and more obsessed by the amount of profit they were making. Because of that, many slaves were brought to work under the sun, in farms. -
Middle Passage
The Middle Passage was an exchange route which was used to trade slaves. Less than 10% of all slaves died on voyage though, due to diseases. If they arrived to the mainland North America, they would first be "conditioned" to physical labor. The demand for slaves increased exponentially in the 18th century. -
Militias
Militias were soldiers who went to fought but had no special training nor specific positions. They were very unprofessional, unlike the Britain's army. The colonists needed some type of army and this is as close as they're going to get. The military required that every male should participate in their military force. With the little knowledge and time they had, they formed their force. -
The French and Indian War
The French and Indian War, also known as the Seven Year War, was a massive conflict in which England, France, and Spain fought each other for territory. Britain sends in an army and militia to control Ohio territory. The Indians allied with France, but even then, victory goes to Britain. After the war, Britain and France signed the Treaty of Paris (1763). -
Triangular Trade
The Triangular Trade is the involving of voyages in the 18th century between England, Africa, and America. The thirteen colonies from America traded out their goods like raw materials and natural resources. Cotton and tobacco were the main profit makers for them. Europe traded manufactured goods such as guns and clothing. West Africa imported slaves. -
Treaty of Paris 1763
The Treaty of Paris officially ended the French and Indian War (Seven Year War). The French agreed to stop supporting colonies in North America. Because Spain had joined the war in side of the French, they were also forced to give up their claim to Florida. What was North America to north and east of the Mississippi River, was now under control of the British. -
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The Revolutionary War
Britain enforces taxes, but the colonists react violently and in riots. These taxes (Revenue Act, Stamp Act, Townshed Act) are the start to a road of independence. Society is divided into patriots and loyalists. With separation in the community, war and battles starts taking place, as well as treaties. -
Boston Massacre
A crowd of Bostonians harassed British soldiers. Parliament repeals Townshend Acts year 1770. People start the "no taxation without representation". -
Boston Tea Party
After the French and Indian War, the British were in massive debt and were trying to find ways in which they could raise money. For this, they decided to enforce taxes on the colonies. Tension grew, and drunk Bostonians dressed up as Indians to dump tea because they were mad for being taxed for tea. -
1st Continental Congress
Representatives from each colony, except Georgia were sent to discuss their concerns of the Intolerable Acts which included the Quartering Act. The Continental Congress didn't from to declare independence. Some colony leaders wanted to find a solution to problems with Britain, while others wanted to break away completely. Patrick Henry was sent from Virginia in which he warned of a coming conflict. Later on in 1775, he gave a speech that the congress should form an army against the British. -
Dunmore's Proclamation
Lord Dunmore worked in the parliament and argued for loyalists and gathered ships to attack pratiots. Because the British founded the colonies and protected them, he believed colonists had a duty to obey their laws.The Dunmore's Proclamation was a turning point to Southern colonies. It granted freedom to slaves who agreed to fright for the British. The fear of slave revolt spread throughout Virginia. It created distrust between masters and slaves. -
Declaration of Independance
The colonies declared to be united and have independent states. Thomas Jefferson (founding father) charged with writing the draft. It was completed on July 2nd but signed on the 4th. The Declaration of Independence not only wanted to claim independence but also, it was looking for European allies. -
Patriots population vs. Loyalist population
About 40% were Patriots and 20% Loyalists. The remaining 40% were neutral. Patriots were those who wanted independence from Britain. They believed they weren't being treated fairly by them because of the taxes being enforced without them having a word about it. Loyalists wanted to remain a part of the British society because they thought it be best to stay under British rule. They were also afraid to fight against their army. -
Articles of Confederation
The Articles of Confederation only lasted 8 years. Reason being is because it was too weak meaning the congress couldn't do anything done. For example, the government couldn't force taxes and the rebellions that were formed (Shays Rebellion), were uncontrollable. -
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The Constitution
The Constitution was creating a workable government. Rebellions occurred in cause of the Articles of Confederation. Some thought it was weak and wanted to get rid of it or adjust it. Many thought if it became stronger, the government will become too strong in power. Debates and plans were introduced to find a way to bring peace for all. Problems also occurred between Americans and Natives in cause of the Treaty of Paris (1783). -
Treaty of Paris 1783
The Treaty of Paris of 1783 was signed by Great Britain, France and the U.S and it ended the Revolutionary War. It recognized the U.S as an independent and sovereign nation. It also granted fishing rights to the U.S, established northern border with British North America/Canada, restore loyalists properties, and both nations will have access to the Mississippi River. -
Shays Rebellion
Shays Rebellion was basically a mob in which farmers and veterans formed, led by Daniel Shay. Shays reason to start this rebellion was because he worked doing military service and he never got payed. The government expected him to pay debts and taxes but there was no way if he never got paid for doing his job. He realized that many others were in the same complex situation and decided to form the rebellion -
Northwest Ordinance
The Northwest Ordinance was passed by the U.S Government under the Articles of Confederation to gain more land. This legislation also intended to ban slavery completely from the Northwest Territory. The Northwest Ordinance was important for establishing how the country would expand westward. -
Constitutional Convention
Meetings were held around the country to discuss the Articles of Confederation and think of plans to reform the constitution. The Virginia Plan would abandon the A.O.C and have a single executive, meaning the president. It also has 2 house legislative: lower house and upper house. The New Jersey Plan modified the A.O.C and had one single legislature. The Connecticut Plan (Great Compromise) is the modern-day congress. It was made up from a bi-cameral legislature. -
The Great Debate
The Great Debate was a series of protests and debates between the Federalists and the Anti-Federalists. The Federalists were for the Constitution and wanted an all powerful central government. It opposed the Bill of Rights. The Anti-Federalists supported a less government. They wanted states' rights and supported the Bill of Rights. The Federalists will win this debate. -
Problems with the British
America had many conflicts with the rest of the nations. Most of the problems were because of land and forts. Natives were not represented in the Treaty of Paris (1783), therefore the Americans and Natives will continue to fight. Spanish deny access to Mississippi river and Spain will not trade with the U.S. -
Three Branches
The Three-Tier System is made up from the executive, legislative, and judicial. In the executive, one single man was elected by the people. It was a legislative pick in which the president could serve a life-term, single-term, or re-election. The legislative branch is in charge for making the laws. Judiciary was set up for overview. It was purposely left incomplete and would not be decided until later. -
Election of 1788
Everyone admired George Washington and agreed to make him the 1st president of the U.S. He was seen as a god-like figure and was everyone's choice. In this election, there were no running mates and whomever was 2nd place, ended up being the vice president. During his presidency, he created what we call the cabinet- a board that advises the president. -
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The New Republic
The New Republic Era is the first years under the new Constitution. A president of everyone's choice, Bill of Rights, a new government, and a new capital. The Constitutional roles are nearly complete. Founding fathers form two party systems: Federalists and Democrat-Republicans. The first Bank of the U.S sets off Constitutional issues by the Federalists. -
Two Competing Forms of Government
In 1789, there was an ongoing argument over the new government. Two party systems were created: Federalists and Democrat-Republican. Alexander Hamilton, a founding father who which believed in a strong centralized government. He thought the rich could fix the economy. Thomas Jefferson opposed his ideas and those who agreed with him were called Democrat-Republicans. They thought in a decentralized government, nation of farmers, and more power to the states. -
Bill of Rights
The Bill of Rights is the first ten amendments written in the U.S Constitution. The idea was brought by anti-federalist, James Madison. The B.O.F guaranteed the rights and freedom to the people. The party that opposed this idea were the Federalists. -
Capital Site
The Congress will declare a new capital. New York City becomes corrupt. Washington, District of Columbia (D.C) will be the new capital. This is where the President's Mansion (now called the White House) was made. -
Whiskey Rebellion
The Whiskey Rebellion occurred in Pennsylvania after a new constitution was made. Farmers were angry that whiskey was being taxed. They thought about how it interfered with their income. This rebellion proved that the new government had power unlike the Articles of Confederation. That is why it is a significant event in history. -
Bank of the United States
The first national bank was needed because was in debt because of the Revolutionary War. There was also an exceeded amount of printing currency which made its value decrease. Washington sides with Hamilton and approved of it. The bank was partly owned by the federal government and partly by private investors. It held the governments deposits, made loans, and stabilize currency and economy -
International Conflicts
Between 1794 and 1795, two treaties were signed. The U.S had conflicts going on with both British and Spain. To ease tensions between the states and Britain, John Jay made the treaty which we now refer as Jay's Treaty. Reason for this was because both nations had broken the parts of the Treaty of Paris 1783. Another treaty was signed by the states and Spain (Pinckney's Treaty) which resolved territorial disputes. Barbary Pirates still harass Americans. -
Election of 1796
After ten years of serving as a U.S president, George Washington felt it was time to resign. Before he left though, he left a Farewell Address in which he said to 2 terms was it, avoid conflicts with foreign countries, no "permanent alliances". Thomas Jefferson and John Adams were the two that were running for 2nd president. John Adams won the election leaving Thomas Jefferson to be the vice president. -
Adams' Presidency
Though Jays' Treaty eased tensions, it also provoked problems. It limited the French trade and their ships were seized. The XYZ Affair also caused an undeclared naval war. Alien and Sedition Acts were formed as well. The Alien Act made it more difficult to become a citizen and the Sedition Act stated that it was a crime to say bad things against the U.S or the president. This act was mainly towards the Republicans by the Federalists. -
Kentucky Resolutions
The Kentucky Resolutions was a document that defined States Rights. This idea derived from Thomas Jefferson. It stated that states could nullify unconstitutional laws. Slavery and Civil War will be fought on this. -
Election of 1800
In this election, Thomas Jefferson unfortunately he ties with Aaron Burr. Hamilton will persuade the House to vote for Jefferson, if he doesn't undo the Federalists policies. Also, the 12th Amendment was made which required separate ballots for VP & president. Adams will stay up all night making the "midnight judges". Marbury v. Madison set off the Judicial Review written by John Marshall. Judiciary Act of 1801 New circuit & district courts, judges, justices of the peace and federal marshals. -
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The Age of Jefferson
Jefferson's presidency was a time in which agriculture was encouraged. There's land expansion like the Louisiana Purchase because Jefferson wanted a nation of farmers. Lewis and Clark are sent to an expedition. Though everything is fine at the beginning, there's a war leading up with Britain. The war was a draw and didn't solve diplomatic issues. -
Madison Presidency
During the early 1800's, problems arose with Britain. Americans were forced into naval service (impressment), and the British fire on U.S.S Chesapeake. Thomas Jefferson reacts by passing the Embargo Act of 1807 which prohibited ships from trading in foreign ports. This policy angers the British and New England colony. Because of this, the British will arm natives and Tecumseh (Indian Chief) will raid American settlements. -
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The American Industrial Revolution
The American Industrial Revolution is a time in which the American nation rises up in its industrialize ways. There is a change in transportation, communication, and agriculture. Industries began to offer jobs for women and girls. The Southern society is divided into three: Planters, Yeoman farmers, and Tenant farmers. Slavery is turning more and more effective and destroying black lives. -
War of 1812
The War of 1812 started mainly because of impressment- American sailors were forced to serve in the British Navy. The government was angry about impressment and also because the British armed the Natives. The U.S declared war on Britain but the New England (Federalists) opposed this war. In between 1813-1815. battles are being fought with complicated strategies. The war was a draw but some may consider this as the 2nd independence won from Britain. -
Changes in Communication
The American Industrial Revolution hanged in many ways the lives of people. We human beings were introduced to new, faster and modernized resources. The way people communicated changed throughout the time 1815-1848. The telegraph invented by Samuel Morse allowed news to go out faster. Printing was cheaper so churches and education facilities took advantage of these new inventions. -
Labor Changes
Lowell Mills like the Waltham System were centralized factories (mills) where only girls worked- NO MEN. Women started earning more money, working for longer in bad conditions. The Urban Industry existed in cities. Steam power engines and cheaper goods open economy. Strikes begin because of people dying in machines, and a 10 hour work day. -
Free Black Communities
Free Black Communities were largest in the North and Midwest. Segregation was active in North. Blacks dealt with discrimination and prejudice. They competed jobs with immigrants. There were also Free Black Communities in the South. It was under more scrutiny, but better economic opportunity. They were available at Baltimore, Richmond, New Orleans, Charleston, Memphis, Mobile, and Natchez. -
Changes in Agriculture
The American society also went through an economic revolution, which is also know as The American Industrial Revolution. There are many parts to this revolution and one of them is the Market Revolution. New equipment was made like the iron plow, crank churns, and cotton gin to help the production of crops. -
Florida
The Unites States wanted Florida from Spain and Andrew Jackson attacks Florida Seminoles and takes Spanish Forts, but there was none. The Adams-Odis Treaty (1819), was signed by Spain and the U.S to give Florida to the U.S. The treaty also sets the U.S/Mexico border. -
Panic of 1819
The Panic of 1819 was an economic crisis following the War of 1812. The cause was Second Bank of America which extended too much credit and then quickly restricted it. As a result, bankruptcy occurred, banks had to demand payments of debt, value of land decreased, and the nation suffered depression for 2 years. -
McCulloch v. Maryland
The case of McCulloch v. Maryland was a major supreme court case which answered questions of the federal power and state power. It gave federal government powers that didn't exist in the Constitution. When the U.S Congress created a 2nd bank in Maryland, the state of MD put a tax on the bank trying to destroy it. John Marshall declared it Constitutional because it was "necessary and proper." -
Second Great Awakening
The Second Great Awakening began around 1800 and picked up at 1820. It emphasized religious romanticism, meaning trying to make something look good. It rejected secularism and deism. Education improved, and prisons were penitentiary. Prisoners were isolated purposely so they had time to think about what they did wrong. For example, Sing Sing (New York). Eastern State Penitentiary constantly watched. The mentally ill will get their own prisons instead of being with normal prisoners. -
Missouri Crisis
On March 3, 1820, Congress passed a bill granting Missouri admission as a slave state. The northern states are against, and southern state for it. The Missouri Compromise was created to set up a balance between slave & free states and drew an imaginary line at 36* 30* latitude. States above are free, states below are slave. -
Temperance Movement
People drank alcohol all the time which led to some states banning it. A movement was created to dramatically reduces alcohol consumption. It was viewed as a solution to the nation's poverty,crime, and abuse towards women and children. -
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Cultural Changes
Between 1820 and 1850, a Changing Culture is arising and people will start calling it the Second Great Awakening. It emphasized religious romanticism. Revivalism, temperance movement, better education, and even prisons will take part in this era. The issue of slavery will divide the nation by abolitionists and pro-slavery. Even the abolitionists are divided by two types: Gradualism and immediatism. -
Millenialism
Millenialism were thousands of people that believed in the coming of Jesus and they thought they knew the exact time and date of his return. Shakers were religious but hippie like people. They didn't approve of marriage nor procreation. Mormons are known as "Church of Jesus Chris of Latter Day Saints." Joseph Smith is the founder and claimed to come upon Golden Tablets in 1823 which was written in ancient language. William Miller is one to put his "knowledge" to the test. -
Monroe Doctrine
The Monroe Doctrine written by president James Monroe in December 2, is a foreign policy which created separate spheres of European and American influence. It stated that the U.S would not permit European countries to start new colonies. Also, the U.S would not interfere with the western hemisphere. James Monroe's purpose was to stand firm on their ground and let Europeans know that they will not regain power over America. -
Election of 1824
In this election there are four candidates: John Quincy Adams, Andrew Jackson, William Crawford, and Henry Clay. Jackson wins popular vote, but not he electoral, so Adams is chosen. Jackson and his followers assumed that Henry Clay, speaker of the House, and John Q. Adams planned to steal the election of Jackson. This they called, Corrupt Bargain. -
Presidency of John Q. Adams
The American System was advanced by the Whigs (Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun, and John Q. Adams.) It included industry, tariffs, a new national bank, domestic improvements such roads and canals, and a new national university. -
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Age of Jackson
Andrew Jackson prepares to winning the election, unlike how he previously lost. He begins a new strategy promoting humble origins, military career, and support democratic values. Andrew Jackson hates the Native Americans and forces them to move out the territory, leaving a horrid event called the Trail of Tears. Changes to the Bank are made and the Bank War hurts the economy. -
Revivalism
Between 1820 and 1850, a new awakening began to revolutionize the market. Charles Grandison Finney conducted his own revivals throughout this time. He rejected the idea and belief of Calvinists which was predestination and believed in free will and direct preaching. The use of printing will be an advantage to get the word out. -
Changes in Transportation
Modern roads, steamboats, & canals were made to revolutionize trading from years before. Like today, trading was an important factor to exchange goods throughout the ocean, and information such as news. Before the Industrial Revolution, very few roads were spotted and changed came to that. Steamboats, a way of transportation were created to travel on waterways and promote trade. Canals connected cities by water and set a path for states to begin building their own canals to promote their trade. -
Election of 1828
Candidate Andrew Jackson (Democratic party) wins against John Quincy Adams (Republican) by both electoral votes and popular votes. Both attacked each other as womanizers. Andrew Jackson's new strategy for promotion is to go by humble origins, military career, support democratic values. Jackson's wife dies before inauguration (some think because they called her out). -
Abolitionist
An abolitionist is an individual who believes in abolishing slavery. They see African Americans as human beings and not property. There are two types of abolitionists: gradualism and immediatism. Gradualism wanted to free the slaves over time to Africa, meaning making process day by day peacefully. Immediatism is the immediate end to slavery. This will sometimes lead to violence. -
Crime in the American Industrial Revolution
Conflict arose because of immigration. Many people were on the look for jobs since a new industry began to take place in America. Racial tension rose, and white mobs where everywhere. There were also a political discourse (Whigs v. Democrats), as well as religious conflicts (Protestants v. Catholics). There was a slavery issue and urban crowding. Because of all this conflict, tensions needed to be dealt with, and so were the first forces established in the 1830's & 1840's. -
Native Americans
Andrew Jackson hates the Native Americans. The assimilated tribes are the Cherokee, Choctaw, Seminoles, Creeks, Chickasaws. They assimilated to American ways (Christianity). Gold was found and the Cherokee are going to be removed. The Indian Removal Act of 1830 was enforced and gave the president power to exchange Indian land. As the Cherokee are forced to leave, thousands will die relocating to Indian territory, Oklahoma. This will be called Trail of Tears. -
Nat Turner's Rebellion
Nathaniel Turner is a preacher and a slave. He decides to take on and lead a rebellion which Northerners viewed as heroic. It was the largest slave uprising even though it fails. About sixty to eighty slaves were killed and about 55 white people were too. It resulted into outlawing slaves from preaching and limited the freed slaves access to firearms. Southern states passed new laws that limited slaves from travel, education, or testifying in court. -
Nullification Crisis
Congress import taxes called tariffs. The Tariff Act of 1832 was passed and textiles (clothing) from South Carolina were affected hurting the agriculture. John Calhoun, the vice president, advocated nullifying laws and took the the Kentucky Resolutions further. Then resigned from vice president over issue. -
Anti Slavery Movement
The anti slavery movement is the time period when abolitionists wanted to put an end to racial discrimination and segregation. The abolitionist ideas became famous in Northern churches, which lead to Civil War between the North and South. The individuals living in the Northern region believed to give equal opportunities and a balanced treatment to African Americans. The South felt if the slaves were taken away, so was their chance to make money. -
Election of 1836
Martin Van Buren (Old Kinderhook "OK") barely wins the election against Whigs. He will inherit the bad economy from the Panic of 1837 and people will blame things on him, calling him "Martin Van Ruin". -
Southern Society
The South had a three group social class system: planters, yeoman farmers, & tenant farmers. Society was mixed and dueling was common. The Planters group of the society were the ruling class & didn't own slaves. If they did, it was 1-9 slaves. 75% of Yeoman farmers didn't own slaves. About 30-50% of Tenant farmers & because they were at the bottom of the class system, whites were afraid tenant farmers will join with slaves & make a rebellion so white supremacy was encouraged. -
Election of 1840
Martin Van Buren will run for re election, running against General William Henry Harrison from the Whig party. The Whigs will begin spreading rumors about Van Buren and get women to influence vote of husbands. Harrison wins by a landslide, but only makes it a month. John Tyler, the vice president becomes president. -
Manifest Destiny
Manifest Destiny is a nation from coast to coast. Huge profits were made from beavers but soon will be hunted to almost extinction. Fashion changes and trappers will disappear by 1840. Many people go to Oregon because new opportunities, and the trail will be known as the Great Migration. -
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Westward Expansion
President James K. Polk wants to annex Texas, settle Oregon order, settle Mexican border, & make Manifest Destiny a reality for 1 term. Mexico wanted greater control of North because they were receiving threats by US and Indians. In 1824, Texas will give land grants. The Battle of San Jacinto will declare Texas an independent nation. Mexican-American War will begin in cause by getting attacked by Mexico. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo settles border dispute but causes problems over slavery. -
Election of 1844
Texas came back to debate. Henry Clay is nominee of the Whig party and James K Polk from the Democrat party. The three main goals of Polk were to annex Texas, settle the Oregon border, settle Mexican border, and basically make Manifest Destiny a reality for one term. The Liberty party opposed slavery and annexation. Texas will be annexed before Polk. Polk wants to buy rest of southwest territory from Mexico and he sends diplomat to discuss it. -
Annexation of Texas
The U.S president, James K. Polk saw an opportunity to expand the nation by annexing Texas.This idea was popular in the South, but not as much in the North. The South saw this a chance to expand slavery, and the abolitionists were upset over it. -
The Mexican-American War
The Mexican American War lasted only 2years beginning from 1846 to 1848. The causes to this war was because president James K. Polk wanted to increase the nation's territory and he had ideals of Manifest Destiny. Zachary Taylor was sent to dispute territory and gets attacked by Mexicans near Brownsville. Soon the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo will be signed but slavery issues will begin to form. With new states, popular sovereignty will allow them to decide whether on being a free state or slave. -
Battles of the Mexican-American War
The great American generals are Zachary Taylor, Robert E Lee, George McClellan, and Ulysses S Grant. The Battle of Vera Cruz and Palto Alto will be an American victory. San Pasqual will be an Mexican victory. Battle of Mexico City will also be an American victory and the end of the war. -
Suffrage
Family life during this time changed, as so female rights. New York Female Reform Society educated women away from lives of prostitution. in 1848, in Upstate NY, and organization for women for their right to vote "Seneca Falls Convention", was held. Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott were the female leaders of the convention. -
Slavery in Westward Expansion
From the Democrat party, Lewis Cass opposed idea of popular sovereignty. Zachary Taylor from the Whigs party, also the Mexican-American War General and slave owner, had unknown views. The campaign in South were pro-slavery, while the North were for Wilmot-Proviso. Martin Van Buren is for the Free-Soil party and supported the Wilmot Proviso as well. He wanted to keep slavery where it already exists and resented southern influence in Democratic party. The winner though, will be Zachary Taylor. -
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
This treaty was signed favoring towards the United States.The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo settled the border disputes, seized over half of Mexico's territory, and ended the Mexican-American War. But it also caused problems to come over slavery. Many foresaw issue of slavery growing in new territories. The Wilmot-Proviso proposed to ban slavery in territory acquired from Mexico. -
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Sectionalism
Sectionalism is based on new territory and slavery. In 1849, gold was found in California. Thousands will migrate for a better opportunity. The Compromise of 1850 will discuss about land and slavery. The Republican party will form in North by Free Soilers, Whigs, and anti-slavery Democrats will unite. Democratic party grew in South by pro-slavery and other Whigs. John Brown believes he is chosen by God to free the slaves and make attacks in Kansas. Also, problems arise against Abraham Lincoln. -
California Gold Rush
Gold was found in California causing thousands to migrate west including the Chinese. They came for a better opportunity and worked in worst mines. The population increased from fourteen thousand in 1849, and 200 thousand by 1852. Gold was easy to find but afterwards, that changed. Because of this, mining will begin in 1852, supporting industries. -
Underground Railroad
The underground railroad was a term used in which a group of people helped to free slaves and hid to escape slavery and find freedom in the North or Canada. White and black will participate in this event to help the slaves. Abolitionist leaders like John Brown and Harriet Tubman will make ways to fight against pro-slavery leaders. Soon, the Fugitive Slave Act will pass which required the return of run away slaves. -
Compromise of 1850
The Compromise of 1850 is made up from five separate bill that dealt with the issue of slavery. Henry Clay proposes that California will become a free state and it does. He will also settle the Texas border issue. New Mexico and Utah will decide on slavery. Texas relinquishes disputed western lands, federal government takes over Texas debt, slave trade was banned in Washington D.C. and the Fugitive Slave was adjusted. -
Literature
Uncle Tom's Cabin is an anti-slavery book written by Harriet Beecher Stowe. It was made to convince the audience that slavery was a horrible thing and must be destroyed. The end result made northerners dislike slavery even more, and at the same time, it made the south furious. The south makes a comeback with a book called Aunt Phillis's Cabin. It wanted to make the audience believe that no, slavery in the south was not as bad as it seems. -
Kansas-Nebraska Act
In May 30, 1854 the Congress passed the Kansas-Nebraska Act. It allows people living in those states to decide whether they allow slavery or not within their borders.The Act repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820 which prohibited slavery north of latitude 36*30*. People in the North disapproved of the the act those living in the South strongly supported it. -
Dred Scott vs. Sandford
Dred Scott is an African American slave belonging to an army sergeant, John Emerson. They lived in Missouri where slavery was allowed, then moved to Illinois. Illinois was a state where slavery was outlawed. Soon Scott claimed that he was no longer a slave because he's been living in Illinois for over decades. John Sandford will represent Emerson in the case. However, Scott failed to win because slaves weren't considered to be citizens and the Constitution was not applicable. -
Crittenden Compromise
The Crittenden Compromise was a proposal of bringing back and extending the 36* 30* to the Pacific Ocean for new states. It also included denying Congress the right to get rid of slavery and protect interstate slave trade. Though because Lincoln opposed the idea, the compromise was put down. President Lincoln though about sending slaves to Africa. -
North
The population of the north was 22 million. It had the most advantages because of its industrialization. There were 110,000 factories, and had $1.5 billion worth on industry (trillions today). The North had no problems obtaining guns because they 97% of weapon manufacturing, 94% of clothing, & 90% of shoes. The railroads were over 22,000 mi of track. Though they were morale and believed they were fighting to uphold the Union, they had bad leaders. -
South
Though the South was low on industrialization, they had great history of competent military leaders. They compared themselves to American colonists and hoped to gain European ally (Britain) because they want cotton, and who else to get it from than the South. Some of the problems it faces were the lack of navy, money, and supplies. The North has all the valuable equipment necessary to be prepared for the war. -
1st Bull Run (1st Manassas)
The Battle of bull Run (1861 Virginia) is the first major battle of the war. Thirty thousand union troops (Army of the Potomac) will march south to a railroad junction to take it away form Confederates. It was a humiliating defeat for the Union and they flee to Washington D.D., and so Abraham Lincoln does two things: authorized enlistment of one million men and puts George McClellan in charge of the Army of the Potomac.. He will have a well trained army quickly. -
George Mcclellan During the Civil War
Though Abraham Lincoln is very patient with George McClellan, this military leader hates him. George McClellan is put in charge of the Union army. He will have a well trained army quickly. He takes 3 weeks to land army on peninsula. After the Battle of Antietam, Lincoln's patience will come to an end and fire General McClellan, but he cant find a better one until 1863. Democrats nominate George McClellan and Lincoln is afraid he'll lose, but actually wins fairly easily, -
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The Civil War
North is a region with better industries & greater supplies, but the South has something that is actually more important. Military leadership. The states will be divided, & the Border States will stand in between the issue. Abraham Lincoln wants to unite the nation again and offers a deal to the South. If they reunite with them, they'll keep their slaves. The South rejects the offer and war will begin. Lincoln will pass the Emancipation Proclamation, and life begins to fall apart for the South. -
Neutral States
The Border States were in between the North and Southern states. Missouri, Kentucky, Delaware, and Maryland will remain neutral over the issue of slavery and Civil War. The South gives 80% of southern production in Border States. The North deprives South of troops and factories. -
Gettysburg
Gettysburg is the most important and bloodiest battle of the war. It was also a three day battle which was the turning point that favors the Union. Day one was just a day in which the soldiers were advancing on Union positions. Day two went back and forth between the two sides. Day three, the last day the Union devastates a charge up the center by Confederates. General Lee will retreat back to south losing 1/3 of his force. -
Women at Work
Because most men were off at war, women were left with doing their jobs. The war gave women new roles in traditional male dominated positions. Women will take over teaching possession, nursing, even civil service jobs. There's also take on managing stores, farm, and plantations. Clara Barton will start the American Red Cross to help wounded soldiers on both sides. -
Assassination
On April 14, 1864, president Abraham Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth at Ford's Theater. Lincoln and his wife Mary, went to see the play "Our American Cousin." Booth had planned that at 10pm he would kill Lincoln and assigned others to kill vice president & secretary of state. Lincoln's tomb was sent to Springfield, Illinois and led by solemn processions to a public building for viewing. -
Planning out Reconstruction
There were two plans for the South. Lincoln had made a plan before he was assassinated called Lincoln's 10% Plan (Amnesty and Reconstruction Plan 1863). It pardoned all Southerners except for officers and officials. They would take an oath and apply for Federal recognition and form new state government. Wade Davis Bill is the 2nd Bill by the radical republicans who want to punish Confederate leaders and destroy slave society. Wanted oath declaring they never aided Confederacy. -
Freedman's Bureau and Movement
The Freedmen's Bureaeu is a relief agency in the war-torn South for former slaves. It was meant to give schools, food, confiscated lands, and emergency services. The Freedmen's Movement was when many former slaves will begin to wanted to explore or finding lost loved ones. Many will flock to cities and had low paying jobs and the labor was very intensive. -
40 Acres and a Mule
Some planters will begin to abandon land after the Civil War and that land will be taken by Union forces. Former slaves allowed to own or rent land to farm. They were entitled to a mule. Former slaves saw land as independence and freedom. They were free to make their responsibilities. Eventually, this land will be given back to its white owners, because these white Southerners still think African Americans don't deserve an equal treatment. -
Black Codes
The Black Codes were passed in 1865 in which Southern states limit Civil Rights and economic opportunity for African Americans. They make them exploitable workforce, outlawed interracial marriage, and outlawed serving on juries. African Americans would get in trouble for wondering around, and this they called vagrancy. They will be arrested for that for not having a home. Blacks will be forced to work on plantations to pay for fines, as well as children. -
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Reconstruction
Throughout the years of Reconstruction, many Southern Democrats will try to enforce and make new acts for their advantage as well Amendments were passed in favor for African Americans. Soon, it will all begin to fall apart and break the nation even more. After Rutherford Hayes wins the election of 1876, he agrees to reform the society and find solutions to the issues faced. -
Andrew Johnson Administration
After Abraham Lincoln's death, his vice president Andrew Johnson will become president. He opposed secession and was a blatant racist. He wanted an oath and property return. He renounces secession and ratifies the 13th amendment. High ranking Confederates were pardoned and property was restored, but most states failed to live up to the terms. -
Freedom Amendments
The 13th Amendment was passed to abolish slavery. Then in 1866, Congress does three things. It expands the power of the Freedmen's Bureau, passes the Civil Rights Act, and the 14th Amendment. The 14th Amendment defines citizens as born in the U.S. They are entitled to equal protections of law. After this, the 15th Amendment was passed which protected voting rights of all citizens regardless the race or color. -
Election of 1876
Although candidate Samuel Tilden from the Democrat party wins all the popular vote, Rutherford Hayes from the Republican party will be given all the electoral votes. There were many issues during this time involving corruption, reconstruction, and economy. Hayes agreed to end Reconstruction and remove the federal troops from the South. This was the beginning of total suppression for southern blacks.
