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Period: 3000 BCE to 301
Infanticidal Mode
When parents routinely resolved their anxieties about taking care of children by killing them, it affected the surviving children profoundly. For those who were allowed to grow up, the projective reaction was paramount, and the concreteness of reversal was evident in the widespread sodomizing of the child. -
1000 BCE
Infanticide in antiquity
Infanticide during antiquity has usually been played down despite literally hundreds of clear references by ancient writers that it was an accepted, everyday occurrence. Children were thrown into rivers, flung into dung-heaps and cess trenches, “potted” in jars to starve to death, and exposed on every hill and roadside. -
1000 BCE
Swaddling
Tying the child up in various restraint devices was a near-universal practice. Swaddling was the central fact of the infant’s earliest years. As we have noted, restraints were thought necessary because the child was so full of dangerous adult projections that if it were left free it would scratch its eyes out, tear its ears off, break its legs, distort its bones, be terrified by the sight of its own limbs, and even crawl about on all fours like an animal. -
1000 BCE
Sexual abuse in antiquity
In Crete and Boeotia, pederastic marriages and honeymoons were common. Abuse was less frequent among aristocratic boys in Rome, but sexual use of children was everywhere evident in some form. -
800 BCE
Athenian laws which attempted to limit sexual attacks
They forbid the teacher to open the school-room, or the gymnastics trainer the wrestling school, before sunrise, and he commands them to close the doors before sunset; for he is exceeding suspicious of their being alone with a boy, or in the dark with him. -
594 BCE
Selling infants in Greece
Solon tried to restrict the right of child sale by parents in Athens but it is unknown if the mesurement was effective. -
300 BCE
Castrating childs in rome
Children still of a tender age, were placed in a vessel of hot water, and then when the parts are softened in the bath, the testicles are to be squeezed with the fingers until they disappear.
The alternative was to put them on a bench and cut their testicles out. Many doctors in antiquity mentioned the operation, and Juvenal said they were often called upon to perform it -
100 BCE
Scaring children in antiquity
There is some evidence that the use of masked figures to frighten children goes back to antiquity but the intention is not been establish yet. -
Period: 301 to 1201
Abandoning Mode
Parents began to accept the child as having a soul, the only way they could escape the dangers of their own projections was by abandonment, whether to the wet nurse, to the monastery or nunnery, to foster families, to the homes of other nobles as servants or hostages, or by severe emotional abandonment at home. -
374
Infanticide as murder
The law began to consider killing an infant murder only in 374 A.D due to parents soul, they were not interested in the child life, it was a mesure to take caro of the parents. -
500
Scaring children in medieval times
Witches and devils were used to scare the kids in order to maintain them quiet by telling them that those demons will steal them or eat them. -
500
Children without sexual contamination
Christians throughout the Middle Ages began to stress the idea that children were totally innocent of all notions of pleasure and pain. A child “has not tasted sensual pleasures, and has no conception of the impulses of manhood. That idea remain nowadays and chage the chinldren's history forever. -
1201
Beating as normal practice
One thirteenth-century law brought child-beating into the public domain: “If one beats a child until it bleeds, then it will remember, but if one beats it to death, the law applies.”
This was the way they used to justify their actions. -
1300
Infant as mother
Was a common belief that infants had milk in their breasts which had to be expelled. Wet-nurse was instructed to “be sure and press his breasts often – to get out any milk there because it bothers him." That action was cause of inflammation in these parts. -
Period: 1301 to
Ambivalent Mode
The child was allowed to enter into the parents’ emotional life, was still a container for dangerous projections, it was their task to mold it into shape. Enormous ambivalence marks this mode. Proliferation in art of the “close-mother image. -
1400
Scaring children in Renaissance
When religion was no longer the focus of the terrorizing campaign, figures closer to home were used: the werewolf will gulp you down, Blue Beard will chop you up, Boney (Bonaparte) will eat your flesh, the black man or the chimney sweep will steal you away at night. Many of these histories are still used in order to keep the kids quiet during the night and to scare them when they are not behaving correctly. -
Punishing the little boy or girl for touching its own genitals
Parents began severely punishing their children for masturbation, and doctors began to spread the myth that it would cause insanity, epilepsy, blindness, and death. Even when many years have passed we can see many of those concepts as a way to scare the children and force them to not explore their own bodies. -
Starts empathy
The main focus moved from the enema to the potty. Not only was toilet training begun at an earlier age, partly as a result of diminished use of swaddling bands, but the whole process of having the child control its body products was invested with an emotional importance previously unknown. The biggest decrease in beating was showed. The earliest lives found of children who may not have been beaten at all date from 1690 to 1750. -
Period: to
Intrusive Mode
The child was no longer so full of dangerous projections, and rather than just examine its insides with an enema, the parents approached even closer and attempted to conquer its mind, in order to control its insides. The child raised by intrusive parents was nursed by the mother. -
Pediatrics as a science
In the XIX century pediatrics develops its scientific basis in France and Germany and it becomes an specialized field in medicin -
From swaddling to physical restraints
Leading strings were tied to the child’s clothes to control it and swing it about. Corsets and stays made of bone, wood, or iron were often used for both sexes. They also use devices which were supposed to assist walking, very similar to the ones we use now but with the main difference that now they are use to asist and not to control the infants. -
Beating decrease
In the nineteenth century that the old-fashioned whipping began to go out of style in most of Europe and America, but it was not its end, in fact we can see it nowadays as a way to punish the children, even when it is not accepted. -
Extreme mesures for avoid kids touching themselves
Doctors and parents sometimes appeared before the child armed with knives and scissors, threatening to cut off the child’s genitals; circumcision, clitoridectomy, and infibulation were sometimes used as punishment; and all sorts of restraint devices, including plaster casts and cages with spikes, were prescribed. Those devices and mesures disappeared but they were strong. -
Period: to
Socializing Mode
As projections continued to diminish, the raising of a child became less a process of conquering its will than of training it, guiding it into proper paths, teaching it to conform, socializing it -
First registered voice against scaring kids
One English parent said that “the custom once prevalent of terrifying young minds with stories of ghosts, is now universally reprobated, in consequence of the increasing stock of national good sense. But many yet living can place fears of supernatural agency, and of darkness, among the real miseries of childhood and even in our times there are kids scared with that. -
Treaty of pediatrics
In Spain, the precursor in pediatrics Andres Martínez Vargas published his fundamental Treaty of Pediatrics, an irreplaceable work to have a clear and comprehensive vision of pediatrics known and exercised by his contemporary colleagues. -
UNICEF
The United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund was created by the UN on 11 December 1946, to provide emergency food and healthcare to children in countries devastated by WWII. Unicef works in 193 countries to help guarantee children the right to survive and develop providing food, clothing and medical care to children also is the largest provider of vaccines for developing countries, works to improve the health and nutrition of children, water supply and protection. -
Period: to
Helping Mode
The helping mode involves the proposition that the child knows better than the parent what it needs at each stage of its life, and fully involves both parents in the child’s life as they work to empathize with and fulfill its expanding and particular needs. -
Children's rights convention
First convention dedicated to children in order to protect the and guarantee their minimum conditions to live.
