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The earliest mention of a mechanized printing press in Europe appears in a lawsuit in Strasbourg; it reveals construction of a press for Johannes Gutenberg and his associates. Gutenberg's press and others of its era in Europe owed much to the medieval paper press, which was in turn modeled after the ancient wine-and-olive press of the Mediterranean area. -
Was an Italian polymath of the High Renaissance who was active as a painter, draughtsman, engineer, scientist, theorist, sculptor, and architect. While his fame initially rested on his achievements as a painter, he also became known for his notebooks, in which he made drawings and notes on a variety of subjects, including anatomy, astronomy, botany, cartography, painting, and paleontology.
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The fall of Constantinople, also known as the conquest of Constantinople, was the capture of the capital of the Byzantine Empire by the Ottoman Empire. -
The Catholic Monarchs were Queen Isabella I of Castile and King Ferdinand II of Aragon, whose marriage and joint rule marked the de facto unification of Spain.They were both from the House of Trastámara and were second cousins, being both descended from John I of Castile
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He was an Italian Renaissance architect, sculptor, painter and poet, considered one of the greatest artists in history both for his sculptures and for his paintings and architectural work.1 He developed his artistic work over more than seventy years between Florence and Rome, which was where his great patrons lived, the Medici family of Florence and the different Roman popes.
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The discovery of America is the name given to the historical event that occurred on October 12, 1492, consisting of the arrival in America of an expedition from Castile, in the Iberian Peninsula, led by Christopher Columbus by mandate of the Catholic Monarchs, Isabel de Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon. -
The Treaty of Tordesillas, signed in Tordesillas, Spain, and authenticated in Setúbal, Portugal, divided the newly discovered lands outside Europe between the Portuguese Empire and the Spanish Empire, along a meridian 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde islands, off the west coast of Africa. -
Juana I of Castilla, called "la Loca" (Toledo, November 6, 1479-Tordesillas, April 12, 1555), was queen of Castile from 1504 to 1555, and of Aragon and Navarre, from 1516 to 1555, Although since 1506 they have had no effective power and from 1509 they exercised imprisonment in Tordesillas, first by order of their father, Fernando el Católico, and later by order of their son, King Carlos I.
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Juan Calvino, was a French theologian and philosopher, considered one of the authors and managers of the Protestant Reformation. The fundamental doctrines of later reformers would identify with him, calling these doctrines "Calvinism".1 The "Five Points of Calvinism" arise from Calvin's disciples as opposed to the doctrines of the disciples of James Arminius. In addition, he revised and published the Geneva (French) Bible in 1564.
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The Ninety-five Theses was a list of propositions for an academic dispute written by Martin Luther, then a professor of moral theology at the University of Wittenberg which was controlled by the Electorate of Saxony. At the time, he was considered the youngest member of the theological faculty at the university which was still known for its medieval theology. Luther would later be promoted to take over the chair of Biblical studies -
Carlos I of Spain and V of the Holy Roman Germanic Empire, called "El César", reigned together with his mother, Juana I of Castile, the latter in nominal form only and until 1555, in all the Hispanic kingdoms and territories under the name of Carlos I from 1516 to 1556,. He was Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire as Carlos V from 1520 to 1558, he was the son of Juana I of Castile and Felipe I el Hermoso
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Parliament passed the Act of Supremacy which defined the right of Henry VIII to be supreme head on earth of the Church of England, thereby severing ecclesiastical links with Rome. -
Was the 19th ecumenical council of the Catholic Church. Prompted by the Protestant Reformation at the time, it has been described as the embodiment of the Counter-Reformation.
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He was the son and heir of Carlos I of Spain and Isabel of Portugal, brother of María de Austria and Juana de Austria, paternal grandson of Juana I of Castilla and Felipe I of Castilla, and of Manuel I of Portugal and María de Aragón by maternal route; He died on September 13, 1598
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He was the son of Philip II and Anne of Austria. On April 18, 1599, he married Archduchess Margarita of Austria-Styria, daughter of Archduke Carlos II of Styria and María Ana de Baviera, and therefore granddaughter of Felipe's paternal great-uncle, in the Cathedral of Santa María in Valencia. Emperor Ferdinand I. Under his reign Spain reached its maximum territorial expansion.
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Diego Rodríguez de Silva y Velázquez, known as Diego Velázquez, was a Spanish Baroque painter considered one of the greatest exponents of Spanish painting and a master of universal painting.
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Felipe IV of Spain, called "the Great" or "the Planet King", his reign of 44 years and 170 days was the longest of the house of Austria and the third in Spanish history, being surpassed only by Felipe V and Alfonso XIII, although the first sixteen years of the latter's reign were under regency.
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Son and heir of Felipe IV and Mariana of Austria, his nickname came from the attribution of his unfortunate physical condition to witchcraft and diabolical influences. It is likely that the successive consanguineous marriages of the royal family caused his serious health problems, with symptoms such as weak muscles and infertility. All this led to a serious succession conflict, when he died without descendants and thus the Spanish branch of the Habsburgs became extinct.
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The War of the Spanish Succession was a European great power conflict. The death of childless Charles II of Spain in November 1700 led to a struggle for control of the Spanish Empire between his heirs, Philip of Anjou and Charles of Austria, and their respective supporters, among them Spain, Austria, France, the Dutch Republic, Savoy and Great Britain.
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The French Revolution was a period of radical political and societal change in France that began with the Estates General of 1789 and ended with the formation of the French Consulate in November 1799. Many of its ideas are considered fundamental principles of liberal democracy, while the values and institutions it created remain central to French political discourse.