-
Period: 600 BCE to 1000 BCE
Tiwanaku and Wari
-Tiwanaky and Wari control Peruvian highlands
Tiwanaky
-Located near the Titicaca basin
-Largest population 30,000-70,000 peoples
-Had major influence on the Inca like: architecture, sculpture, management, and roads
-The focal point was the Akapana Temple
-Collapsed because of attacks from Amymara Kingdoms
Wari
-Was located in modern day Peru
-Capital Huari
-Controlled land by having provincial capitals
-Empire was connected by an extensive road network
-Had influence on Inca in later years. -
Period: 100 to 700
Moche
-Two most known structures is the Temple of the Sun and the Temple of the Moon
-Evidence that Moche wasn't just a political and ceremonial center it was also a large city.
-Had extensive agriculture
-Unknown reason for decline
-Some reasons could be: earthquakes, drought, and flooding. -
Period: 100 to 500
Hopewell
-East-central are of North America
-Were in Ohio, Michigan, Wisconsin, Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Pennsylvania, and New York
-Were Mound Builders -
Period: 250 to 900
Maya
-Controlled all territory from southern Mexico, Guatemala, and northern Belize
-Main agriculture was corn, beans and squash
-Built many ceremonial centers
-Became very involved with building stones and architecture
-Advanced in irrigation and terracing
-Developed hieroglyphic writing and had a very important calendar
-Many of their cities were abandons in 900 CE -
Period: 600 to 900
Teotihuacan
- Height of power -125,000 - 20,000 inhabitants -Largest city in the Americas -Larger than all but contemporary European and Asian cities -30 miles north of Mexico City
-
Period: 650 to 750
Teothihuacan Destroyed
-Unclear what forces brought about the collapse of Teotihuacan about 650 CE
-Pictorial evidence form murals shows city's final decades were violent
-Overwhelmed militarily by a nearby rival city
-Now uncovered evidence of conflict withing the ruling elite
-Mismanagement of resources
-Temples in the city canter were pulled down and religious images defaced
Elite palaces were burned and many residents were killed. -
Period: 700 to 1200
Anasazi Culture
-Located somewhere in modern: Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, and Utah
-Now modern Pueblo tribes
-Ancestral Pueblo history is normally divided into six developmental periods: Basketmaker II, Baksetmaker III, Pueblo I, Pueblo II, Pueblo III and Pueblo IV -
Period: 800 to 1500
Mississippian culture
-Located in Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Arkansas, Missouri, Kentucky, Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio.
-Agriculture was based on corn
-There was a central ceremonial plaza was the main part of the town
-They worked with copper, shell, stone, wood, and clay
-Declined when the European explorers entered the area -
Period: 900 to 1168
Toltecs
-Dominated the state centered Tula in Mexico
-Name meaning "urbanite"
-In 900 CE the Toltec's burned down the city of Teotihuacan
-Had a number of small states within the large empire
-Started the rise of militarism in Mesoamerica
-Ended because of invasions from the nomadic Chichimec -
Period: 900 to 1470
Chimu
-Largest and most important political system in Peru before the Inca.
-Distinctive pottery
-Conquest from Piura to Casma and Paramonga
-Large scale irrigation system
-Culture based on agriculture, because of great works in irrigation
-Textiles and in gold, silver, and cooper
-Capital Chan Chan
-Had pyramid temples made of adobe mud -
Period: 919 to
Pueblo Bonito founded
-Located in southern Utah, northern Arizona, northwest New Mexico, and southern Colorado
-Had apartment like areas for people to live
-The start of the civilization is unclear
-Started as hunter gatherer to fully agricultural
-The roads they had laid out almost 180 miles -
Period: 968 to 1156
Tula
-Toltec capital of Tula founded
-Was the capital of the Toltecs in Mexico
-Exact location is unknown
-Had a population of tens of thousands
-Aztecs' concept of sun god was borrowed directly from Tula -
Period: 1050 to 1350
Cahokia
-Most important center for people named Mississippians
-Ranged across Midwest, Eastern, and Southeastern United States
-Located near the Mississippi
-Cities ended up being abandoned
-Abandoned because of over hunting, deforestation, and flooding
-Another cause could've been -
Period: 1325 to 1521
Tenochtitlan Founded
-Aztec capital Tenochtitlan founded
-Located in the marshes of Lake Texcoco
-Covered more than 5 square miles
-Was located initially on two islands but than moved to the main land
-Was destroyed by Spanish conquistadors under Hernan Cortes -
Period: 1325 to 1521
The Aztecs
-Large empire in central and southern Mexico
-Called the Tenochca
-Referred to themselves as Culhua-Mexica
-Tribe of hunter gatherers
-Ruler Itzcoatl made alliances with neighboring states of Texcoco and Tlacopan
-Had a population of 5-6 million people
-The fall of the empire started when Montezuma II was taken prisoner by Hernan Cortes
-Montezuma's successors, Cuitlahuac and Cuauhtemoc couldn't block Hernan Cortes's forces. -
Period: 1438 to 1532
Inca
-Established capital in Cuzco
Had many conquests for almost 100 years
-Had population of 12 million people
-Left no written records
-Emperor ruled with help from the aristocratic bureaucracy
-Agriculture: corn, sweet potatoes, squash, peanuts, and cotton -
Period: 1466 to 1520
Moctezuma II crowned
-Born in 1466
-None for confrontation with the Spanish conquistador Hernan Cortes
-Succeeded uncle Ahuitzotl in 1502
-Commander of the army and organized expeditions of conquest
-Initially tried to buy of Cortes