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Enlightenment
Enlightenment are ideas about nature gained prevalence in 1700's which caused high literacy rate in England. One of the Enlightenment figure was Benjamin Franklin. Following the Enlightenment era is the Great Awakening which is a revival of religious feeling in the American colonies during the 1730's. -
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Timeline
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Migrate
This means to move from one place to another. This is demonstrated by the Paleo-Indians who moved from North to South America to find resources on land and a variety of gerographic features. The real estimated date the Paleo-Indians migrated is between 15000-7000. For buildings, they used adobes, which are sun dried bricks used to build their pueblos. -
Prince Henry, the Navigator
Portuguese who sent ships to explore west coast of Africa. And along with this, a geonese sailor, Christopher Columbus, also planned to sail west to find a route to Asia, but instead, he stumbled on America.
Prince Henry set out to explore in 1394 while Columbus explored in 1492. -
Bacon's Rebellion
This rebellion took place in 1676. This is a dispute between native tribes and a Virginian frontier farmer which grew into a blood bath. Nathaniel Bacon then rounded up rebellion after the Governor refused to help finance them during war. After they regrouped, they overthrew the governor, however, his victory was short when he died of a disease. -
Moctezuma
Moctezuma was normally born on 1466. He is the ruler of the Aztec Empire during the Spaniards conquest of Mexico. He was the last of the Aztec Emperors when Cortez defeated him in 1520. -
House of Burgesses
Normally created in 1619. This was established by the Virginia Company at this period. This is the first representative body in America. Along with this era, the joint-stock company was created, who were private investors that bought shares in trading comapnies and sponsored colonies in America. -
Mercantilism
Began roughly fromo 1500. British colonies are influenced by this, which states that a country's goal was self-sufficiency, competition, gold, and silver. -
Columbian Exchange
This system was created in 1492. This introduced new plants and animals to Europe, America, and Africa. This began from Columbus' voyage until today. This also started the global transfer of living things. -
Northwest Passage
Normally dated in 1576, Cabot explored for the English and through this passageway, claimed the Northern portion of North America for the English. At the same year, the term Mestizo, mixeture of Indian and European, and Presidio, a Sapnish fortress, are created. -
John Smith
Normally at the year of 1606. He is the Captain that led 108 settlers to settle Virginia to find gold and water route to the Orient. With his era, the grow of the Puritans began. They are English Calvinists who rejected Catholicsm. Also known as Pilgrims, they are allowed by the Virginia Comapny to settle Mayflower. -
Iroquois League
Group of six nations bent on peace. This included the Mohawks, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca, and Tuscarora. The league was originally founded by Hiawatha, the tribe leader of the Mohawks. -
Indentured Servants
Normally used in 1618, these are people who worked on fields to grow tobacco crops. Most labors came to the New World and sold themselves into slavery for food and shelter. Other lived long enough to claim their own land, others died of disease and exposure to the climate. -
Magna Carta
Normally signed in 1215, it is "the great charter", which is drafted by the rebels in England against King John and brought power to English sovereigns. Near the year 1215, the English Bill of Rights was created which declared rights and liberties of the subject and setteling the succession of the crown. -
Hernan Cortes
He was normally born on 1485. He made many enemies including from Cuba, accussed of murdering his wife and relieved command from gold-seeking expedition. He battle Spaniards and North Americans through Mexico, he also killed many of the Aztec's people. With him, are conquistadors, who are conquerors that wanted land, gold, and silver. They pushed from the Carribeans to Mexico and to the tip of South America. -
Mayflower Compact
This was normally in November 11, 1620. Before Pilgrims stepped ashore in America, they created a contract. This is to abide by the laws of the community and create a new governemnt. Along with this year, William Peen gave ownership-debts owned by Crow, to his family. He held much power in the colony of Pennsylvania. -
Habeas Corpus
Normally written in 1679, this is when the court order requires authorities to bring a person in jail before the court to determine why he/she is being jailed. Near the year 1679, a system called salutary neglect had English officials lightly enforce new measures as they settle into an overall colonial policy. -
Cash Crop
Normally used in 1612. They are used by English colonies for trade. This is also another name for tobacco, and one example of tobacco entrepenuer is John Rolfe. -
John Jay
He was the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. He was a contributor to the "Federalist" and a two-term governor of New York. He is also responsible with the negotiation with Britain, later named the "Jay Treaty". -
Alexander Hamilton
Alexander Hamilton is the Secretary of Treasury. He joined the army during the Revolutionary War and had little faith in the common people. He is the opposite of Thomas Jefferson thereby causing tensions in the Cabinet. -
Andrew Jackson
He was a Tennesse General that won a series of battles giving him national fame. He then defeated the Native Americans at Fort Mims which destroyed the military power of the Native Americans in the South. Soon, he became the 7th President of the United States. -
Henry Clay
19th Century politician and House of Speaker during John Quincy Adam's presidency. He was a Warhawk during the conflict between American seamen and the British and also known as the "Great Compromiser". Clay helped hold the Union together by the American System and held back South Carolina from seceeding. -
Separation of Powers
This system shares powers between branches. The delegates grant powers to the national government and also limit them at the same time. So they created three branches such as legislative branch (make laws), executive brance (carry outlaws), and judicial branch ( interpret the law). This then made the power to make laws divided in only 1 branch of government. -
Checks and Balances
Delegates established this system to prevent one branch from dominated the others. For instance, the president can veto acts of Congress, but Congress can override the veto by a two-thirds vote. Thereby making the system important. -
Articles of Federation
Proposed by the government, this gave the government two levels, each sharing fundamental powers. This gave nation governement to declare war, peace, treaties, borrow money, and set standards for coins. This also established postal service and deals with Native Americans. -
Northwest Ordinance
Congress provided procedure for dividing lands or territories. It set requirements for admission of new states, overlooking Native American land claims. This is a law which became the Confederation's greatest achievements and established a blueprint for future growth. -
Shay's Rebellion
Farmer's protest that caused panic and dismay. This was started by Daniel Shay who felt that he was a victim of too much taxation. Due to this, farmers like Shays gathered and protested, boiling into a mob and marched towards Springfeild. Because of this outrage, officials called out militia which killed four rebels. -
The Federalist
The Federalist is a series of 85 essays defining the Constitution. written by Federalist leaders named Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay, it provided analysis of constitutional provisions. This also created an explanation of constitutional privisions as well. -
Great Compromise
This compromise was suggested by Roger Sherman, which offered a two-house Congress to satisfy both big and small states. It pleased those who favored governemnt which allowed voeters to choose representatives. This also pleased those who defended the state's rights and preserved the power of state legislature. -
The Cabinet
They are heads that became the President's advisers. This incldued Secretary of War: Henry Knox, Attorney General: Edmund Randolph, Secretary of Treasury: Alexander Hamilton, and Secretary of State: Thomas Jefferson. They headed the departs and helped govern the leader. -
Tariff
This taxed goods, manufactures, etc. This then also taxed the farmer's main crop which later enraged them. This is also the cause for the Whiskey Rebellion and also the Revolution against Britain. -
Second Great Awakening
Fnney and a few of his contemporaries rejected the idea of predetermination whether one goes to heaven or hell. This then introduced the idea that people can improve themselves and society. This then trigerred a revival across the nation which transformed the religious landscape of this country. -
Whiskey Rebellion
This is an exise tax added by Hamilton. This taxed on sale, manufacture, and distribution for farmers. Hamilton knew that this would anger farmers since it taxed their main source of cash. So, Hamilton took of this advantage to show the people that their governemnt can control a rebellion without a loss of a life. -
Impressment
This is a British policy that is the practice of seizing Americans at sea. By doing so, the British Navy would impress them into being recruited into the Royal Navy. Thereby expanding the number of British sailors. This also increased tension between Britain and the US. Which will cause the war of 1812. -
Invention of the Cotton Gin
Short for "cotton engine," was another invention by Eli Whitney which made cotton easier for the South to clean. This made it possible for Southern farmers to grow short-staple cotton for a profit. This invention created a plantation system which transformed Mississippi, Alabama, and Louisiana a booming Cotton Kingdom. Thereby expanding slavery. -
Alien and Sedition Acts
The Alien and Sedition Acts raised requirements of residence to 14 years. This also jailed people for hindering the operation of the governemnt. This included Federalists, Samual Adams, and the goverment. This also lead to the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions which stopped the violation of the 1st Amendment. -
Nat Turner
Born in slavery in Virginia who believed he would lead his people out of bondage, he was also a preacher. He is important to the South since his rebellion strengthened the resolve of Southern whites to defend slavery and control their slaves. -
Invention of Interchangeable Parts
Eli Whitney invented this which are parts that are exactly alike. This is an important invention since it even gave unskilled workers the chance to develop the tools to create a gun or any type of device. -
Dorothea Dix
Horrofied by the conditions and treatment of the mentally-ill, she sent a message to the Massachusetts legislature. She is a vital figure since she helped set up hospitals for the metally-ill and created the idea of rehab, a treatment that might reform the sick/imprisoned person to a useful position in society. -
Louisiana Purchase
This resolves the problem of the American's worries that strong presence of French in the midcontinental area would force US to ally with Britain. Thereby, buying New Orleans and Western Florida from the French. This is also an important part in Jefferson's Presidency. -
Marbury VS. Madison
This is between James Madison, whose duty is to deliver papers, and Marbury, who sued to enforce thsi provision. It is one of the most important Supreme Court decisions of all time which made Chief Justice Marshall to decide that this provision of the act was unconstitutional. This is true since the Constitution did not empower the Supreme Court to issue orders. -
Judicial Review
This happened at the end of the Marbury v. Madison case. This then gave the Supreme Court to declare an Act of Congress unconstitutional. This then affected the Congress by limiting their powers. -
William Lloyd Garrison
He was one of the men who supported women's efforts and a strong abolitionist. He then joined the women who have been denied participation in World's Anti-Slavery Convention as well as establishing an abolitionist paper known as the "Liberator." HIs cause helped create justice by abolishing slavery and giving women their rights. -
War Hawks
This included Clay, Calhoun, and the Speaker of the House of the Representatives. They are young congressment from South and the West. They also called for a war against Britain which led to the war of 1812. -
Treaty of Ghent
This is a signed peace agreement between the Americans and British diplomats. This was signed in Christmass Eve which ended the fighting. Which both sides are eager for during the War of 1812. -
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
She, with Mott, held the convention on Seneca falls and formed a society to advocate the rights of women. Because of her, the women's rights movement was sparked. Her campaigns were mainly giving women the right to vote, and was also involved in the abolition movement. -
American System
Henry Clay promoted this system which united the nation's economic interests. Making this an important system by making the Americans economically independent of Britain and other European nations. -
Beginning of the construction of the Erie Canal
This is one of the most impressive projects that streched 363 miles. Often named "Bid Ditch," was built for eight years linking Hudson River to Lake Erie as well as the Atlantic Ocean to the Great Lakes. This was overseen by the government and made New York City a dominant seaport. -
Jacksonian Democracy
This was the rise of Jackson and the Democratic Party, which was tied to slavery, subjugation of Native Americans, and the celebration of white supremacy. This events then led to the spark of abolition and womens rights. -
Mormon Movement
Mormons are a very religious group who believe the Bible is the word of God. Soon, many of them migrated West along the Oregon trail. This then increases the population in the Western migration. -
Missouri Compromise
Henry Clay proposed this to the Congress which temporarily resolved the crisis with a series of agreements. This admitted Maine as a free state and Missouri as a slave state which preserved the sectional balance in the Senate. However, it was criticized by the Southerners since it established a principle that the Congress could make laws regarding slavery. -
Abolition Movement
Abolitionists such as Sarah and Angelina Grimke wanted to "overthrow this horrible system of oppresion and cruelty." One of the sisters named Angelina published a book stating exactly this which increased the want to abolish this slavery through literature, funds, and petitions. -
Monroe Doctrine
This Doctrine states that outside powers such as Europe, could not interfere by overthrowing independent publics and create new colonies in the western hemisphere. President Monroe wanted to warn the outside powers since such action would be a danger to the peace and safety of the countries. -
Tariff of Abominations
This tariff made the South compete in the world market, reducing British exports, and forced them to buy more expensive manufactures from the North. This also protected infant American Industries. Due to this, the idea of nullification was created which questions the legality of applying some federal law in sovereign states. -
Indian Removal Act
Jackson believed the only solution was to move the Indians farther west. This law had the federal government fund to negotiate treaties to force or bribe Native Americans to move. Although Jackson believed this is generous by providing land to the Indians, this caused the Trail of Tears which a quarter of the population had suffered loss. In the end, 90 treaties are signed and the Chocktaw, Souk, and Fox tribe are forcibly removed from their home states. -
Lone-Star Republic
This is the new Republic of Texas. After Santa Anna was defeated, and independence was declared and approved by the Mexican President. The Texans then set up an army, navy, and a silk flag with one star. This then later became a part of the United States in 1845. -
Utopian Communities
These people are experimental groups who tried to create a "tuopia"/perfect place. This then increased the zeal of relegious reformers causing active rights movement suh as abolition of slavery and improved conditions for women. -
Manifest Destiny
This is when the Americans expressed their belief that the United States was to expand throughout the Pacific ocean to Mexico. This was after the Mexican War which gave us new lands. Because of this, this layed the foundation of the future United States. -
California Gold Rush
When James Marshall found gold in California, this caused many people to go west. It then made the newspaper which made the Californian to shut down due to lack of workers. This also affected the population from the entire world since they came to California, causing a massive population growth. -
Treaty of Guadalupe
Mexico agreed that the Rio Grande border for Texas to be given to the US and then ceded New Mexico and California to US. Later then giving us Arizona, California, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, Colorado, and Wyoming. -
Senecal Falls Conventions
Here, the head of the women's rights such as Mott and Stanton composed an agenda and detailed statement of grievanecs, they also declared that men and women are equal. Thereby, beginning the women's rights movement which gained equality between men and women in the future. -
Gadsden Purchase
President James Pierce, James Gadsden, and the leaders of Mexico agreed that US will pay $10 million for another peice of territory South of Gila River. Thereby establishing the current border of the lower 48 states. -
Battle of Fort Sumter
This is the first battle of the Civil War which was one of the last two Union forts standing in the South. Lincoln sent food as his move to set a political balance while the Confederacy decided to attack. With 300 men defending, six weeks of supplies, artilleris and no reinforcements, the southerners made them surrender due to the Confederacy's unlimited supplies and reinforcements. -
Anaconda Plan
Designed by William Scott, it adds a blockade on the Southern sea which focuses on stopping supplies. This also called for an advance in the Mississippi River whic cuts the South in half. This was a very effective plan for the North and caused less devestation in their home turf. -
First Battle of Bull Run
Also called Manassas, had two parts of the battle. Southern General Johnston having 35,000 attacked the Union numbering from 34,000 men led by Irvin McDowell. At the end, the Union lost and with Lincoln dissapointed, he replaced McDowell with McClellan and enlisted 500,000 men. -
Second Battle of Bull Run
This battle was fought in the William County, Virginia. It began as a Federal column under Jackson's observation. But, it then began brewing into a battle between Gen. John Pope who led 62,000 men and Gen. Lee with 50,000 men. It was like the first battle of Bull Run which decreased Union morale. At the end, 10,000 Union are dead and 8,300 Confederates are injured or killed. -
Battle of Antietam
This was the first major battle in the Civil war with three times the casualties on D-day. Located in Antietam Creek in Sharpsburg, Maryland, McClellan launched an attack against Lee's defensive army. Those who got close ran out of ammunitions and commenced CQC. At the end, Lincoln fired McClellan due to the Union casualties of 26,000 men. The South lost a quarter of its men. -
Battle of Fredericksburg
This battle is a major loss for the Union. It was between Union Gen. Ambrose Burnside and Confederate Gen. Robert Lee with a casualty of 12,653 for the union and 5,377 for the confederates. In this battle, Burnside tried to cross the Rappahannock River but Lee pushed them back. Burnside failed in the crossing so he grabbed his troops and attack the left flank of the Confederate army, which also failed. -
Battle of Chancellorsville
With 50,000 Union soldiers and 57,000 Confederates, the South won due to immense numbers. In the battle, General Joseph Hooker tried to cut off the supply lines of Robert Lee's army. So, Lee divided his army into two sections which helped the tide of the battle turn to Lee's favor. This is the bloodiest battles of all time with 30,764 dead. -
Siege of Vicksburg
Union General Grant led 77,000 soldiers along with gunships against 33,000 Confederates. This is the last battle of the Campaign of Vicksburg with Union victory, at the end, 37,400 men were killed. The Union surrounded the water and fought since the attack by foot failed, because of this, the Confederate defeat caused to the separation of the South. -
Battle of Gettysburg
The battle of Gettysburg included 3,000 Union soldiers and 60,000 Confederates. General Lee wanted to put all his men to Cashtown, however, 3000 Union soldiers positioned on the Bridge. The Union held their ground until more troops came, and as soon as they went to Cemetery Bridge, they got the upper hand. Giving the victory to the Union. At the end, 23,000 Unions are dead along with 28,000 Confederates. This gave Union morale and stirred the war to their favor. -
Sherman's March to the Sea
Sherman and his troops marched from Atlanta to Savannah burning everything in sight. Because of this, the Southerners were struck with fear of Sherman's troops and while on the march, Sherman attracted large numbers of refugees recruiting 5,000 African Americans. At the end when the Union captured Savannah, Sherman presented the city as a gift to Lincoln. -
Appomattox Courthouse
This is a real house numbered 5601. This is where Lee surrendered to Grant with the Union outnumbering the Confederates, it was the last of the surrenders in the war and Gen. Watie gave up the last sizable organized force in June 23, 1865. -
Battle of Petersburg
This battle consisted of trench warfare involving many African Americans who wanted to cut off the South supply lines. After the battle, the Confederates retreated which lead to the Appomattox campaign. This is the last battle of the civil war with the Union outnumbering the Confederates.
