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Plessy v Ferguson
This case made segregation legal under the idea that separate can be equal therefore they felt it did not disagree with the constitutional idea that all men are created equal.
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CORE
The Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) was created by students as an African American organization that played a large role in the Civil Rights Movement. It was known was one of the "Big Four" civil rights organizations during that time. Its stated mission is "to bring about equality for all people regardless of race, creed, sex, age, disability, sexual orientation, religion or ethnic background"
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Sweatt v Painter
Sweatt v. Painter was a U.S. Supreme Court case that successfully challenged the idea "separate but equal" in regards segregation. It overrode the ruling of Plessy v Ferguson. The case was looked back upon in the case of Brown v Board of Education, the case involved a black man, Heman Marion Sweatt. He was refused entry into a college because of his race and it was deemed unconstitutional.
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Brown v Board of Education
Brown v. Board of Education was a Supreme Court case in which state laws segregating public schools were deemed unconstitutional.The decision completely overturned Plessy v Ferguson. It was unanimous that "separate educational facilities are inherently unequal." This ruling was a strong start for integration The Court's decision in Brown II ordered states to desegregate "with all deliberate speed".
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Selma to Montgomery March
The Selma to Montgomery march was when a group of protesters wanted to march from Selma to Montgomery but were met with much hate and resistance. They had to attempt to start the march twice before they could finally march and even then they faced much hate on the way, but they succeeded. This brought even more positive attention to the civil rights movement.
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Jackie Robinson
Jackie Robinson was the first African American Major league baseball player in the 20th century. Robinson was an outspoken, public voice for African-American athletes, civil rights, and other social and political causes. He publicly called out the Yankees as a racist organization for not having broken the color barrier. He played for the Dodgers for 10 years. In 1955 he helped the Dodgers beat the Yankees to win the World Series.
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Montgomery Bus Boycott
The Montgomery bus boycott was a protest of the public transport segregation in Montgomery, Alabama. The campaign lasted from when Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give her seat to a white person to when Browder v. Gayle declared the Alabama and Montgomery bus segregation laws were unconstitutional. Many important Civil Rights Movement leaders took part in the boycott, for example, Martin Luther King Jr. and Ralph Abernathy.
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The Southern Manifesto
The Southern Manifesto was written as an argument against integration. The manifesto was signed by 101 politicians to try and undo the ruling of Brown v Board of Education that segregation of public schools was unconstitutional. The Southern Manifesto accused the Supreme Court of "clear abuse of judicial power." for promising to use "all lawful means to bring about a reversal of this decision which is contrary to the Constitution..."
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Southern Christian Leadership Conference
The Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) is a civil rights organization still active today. It was founded as a result of the Montgomery bus boycott. SCLC had a large role in the Civil Rights Movement, led by its first president, Martin Luther King Jr. They led peaceful protests and made some big steps towards full integration.
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Little Rock - Central High School
Nine black students enrolled at all-white Central High School. After Brown v Board of Education the court had ruled all public schools in the country must be integrated “with all deliberate speed." On the first day of classes at Central High, Governor Orval Faubus of Arkansas called the state National Guard stop the black students from entering the school. Later in the month, President Eisenhower sent federal troops in to escort the “Little Rock Nine” into the school.
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Greensboro Sit-Ins
The Greensboro sit-ins were non-violent protests started by 4 African American students who were refused food at a segregated lunch counter. They sat quietly although they were being refused food. This was the start of a sit-in movement that spread to college towns throughout the region. Many of the protesters were arrested for trespassing, disorderly conduct or disturbing the peace. Because of this many people changed their segregation policies.
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Student Nonviolent Coordinating Comittee
The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) was created by students at Shaw University. SNCC grew into a much larger organization made up of many young people who participated in marches, freedom rides, sit-ins and the like. They often went places other organizations avoided. Later, SNCC protested the Vietnam war. In the 1970's it faded out of existence.
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Freedom Rides
The Freedom Rides began when 13 civil rights activists, recruited by CORE, begin to travel by bus throughout the south in protest of segregation in interstate bus terminals.
a series of bus trips through the American South to protest segregation in interstate bus terminals. They were attacked and encountered much prejudice. A result of the rides was the Interstate Commerce Commission which ended segregation in bus and train stations.
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Twenty-fourth Amendment
The Twenty-fourth Amendment banned the poll tax so all American people could have a free election. This was in response to the south using dishonest means to try and stop African Americans from voting. This was deemed a violation of rights and made completely illegal in this amendment.
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James Meredith
James Meredith was the first African American to attend the University of Mississippi. He was accepted originally but his acceptance was revoked when his race was discovered. Because public shools had been ordered to desegregate, Meredith filed a suit which eventually made it to the Supreme Court which ruled in his favor. He graduated with a law degree and became involved in politics.
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Letter From Birmingham Jail
The Letter from Birmingham Jail was written by Martin Luther King Jr. after being arrested during a peaceful protest. The letter defends the idea of peaceful protest and people have a moral responsibility to break unjust laws rather than waiting for the court to make a move on its own. In this widely published piece, King writes "Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere".
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Medger Evers
Medgar Evers helped organize voter registration, demonstrations, and boycotts, and worked to investigate crimes against blacks. He became the first stare field secretary of the NAACP. He was shot outside his home and he died in the hospital less than an hour latet. He was buried in Arlington with full military honors. After his death, his brother took up his position with the NAACP.
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March on Washington
The March on Washington was a political rally where more than 200,000 Americans attended. The event was held by religious and civil rights groups to draw attention towards political and social issues faced daily by African Americans. Martin Luther King Jr.'s famous "I Have a Dream" speech was given on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial during this event and is one of the most well known events of the civil rights movement.
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Bombing of Birmingham Church
The 16th Street Baptist Church was where many protest marches began and many civil rights groups met. It often received bomb threats that were meant to disrupt meetings or services. One Sunday, a bomb detonated and killed 4 young girl. The blast also injured over 20 people. The legal system was slow to provide justice, but outrage over this tragic incident fueled the fire of the civil rights movement. The bomb accomplished the exact opposite of its intended purpose.
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Mississippi Freedom Summer
The Freedom Summer was a voter registration drive organized by several civil rights organizations. Their goal was to dramatically increase Mississippi's voter registration. The volunteers faced a lot of hate. People were threatened, beaten, and murdered, but the freedom summer was successful in its goal. Not as successful as they'd hoped, but they registered 1,200 African Americans.
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Civil Rights Act Passed
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 ended segregation in public places and banned employment discrimination. It is considered the most important legislative achievement of the civil rights movement. During the years following, the act was expanded and additional legislation was passed.
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Malcolm X Assassinated
Malcolm X was a religious leader and civil rights advocate. He took the last name X to symbolize his stolen African identity. He was assassinated by rival black Muslims while addressing his organization. This murder moved many people and is still being talked about today.
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Voting Rights Act Approved
The Voting Rights Act bans racial discrimination in voting practices by the federal government as well as by state and local governments. This was made in order to put an end to the deliberate and violent denial of African Americans' right to vote. It was seen by some people as an extension of the Civil Rights Act and seen by all as another step forward in the civil rights movement.
http://www.civilrights.org/voting-rights/vra/
