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Plessy v. Ferguson
Plessy v. Ferguson was a court case that made segregation legal in America. According to page 504-505 in the textbook, this was the start of the civil rights movement. The court case made the doctrine "separate-but-equal" in facilities legal because it believed that it didn't violate the Constitution. In conclusion, segregation in facilities were made legal under court ruling. -
NAACP Formed
The NAACP, also known as the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People is a civil rights organization founded in 1909. According to the text in 505, the NAACP worked to gain equal treatment for African Americans. They fought off prejudice, lynching, and Jim Crow segregation laws to gain betterment of "people of color". In conclusion, the NAACP was formed to fight against white resistance and their cause for equal rights. -
The Nation of Islam
The Nation of Islam was group that combined ideas of African Americans independence with the teaching of Islam to separate from whites. Found in page 520, Malcom X was a leader of the group and believed that they had the right to defend themselves with force against force if necessary and criticized King's tactics for equal rights. Malcolm X's views later changed after a pilgrimage to Mecca and Africa. In short, the group was the belief of independence and complete retaliation. -
Executive Order 8802 and A. Philip Randolph
A. Philip Randolph was a trailblazing civil rights leader and a social activist who initiated the Executive Order 8802 to be issued. For example in page 506, Philip began organizing a march on Washington to publicize the unfairness payment between white and black and the restriction of types of jobs. Philip's effort were rather forceful, but had help African Americans gain equally in work industries. In conclusion, through Philip's effort, the Executive Order 8802 was accomplished. -
Ralph Mark Gilbert
Ralph Mark Gilbert was an African American civil rights leader and baptist minister who reorganized the NAACP in Savannah. Based on page 506, he had organized voter registrations drive and registered hundreds of African American voters. His efforts had help African Americans gain political power, but later eroded the NAACP chapters and his efforts throughout Georgia when a white mayor was elected. In conclusion, he demonstrated the political power they can have in Georgia. -
Smith v. Allwright
The court case, Smith v. Allwright was a case in which allowed African Americans to vote in the primaries. In page 505, the court ruled that African Americans are allowed to participate in the primaries. They did this due to the fact that it violated their 15th amendment right to vote. In conclusion, the court case ruling had gave Africans Americans the ability to vote. -
Primus King's Debut
Primus King's debut in the Civil Rights movement was the abolishment of the white primaries permanently. According to page 506, because he fought against this case since 1944 until he was allowed to vote. Unfortunately, his effort had demolished the primaries but, encourage others to become leaders who fought against white resistance. In conclusion, Primus's efforts had proved that African Americans have the power to fight for their rights. -
Harry S. Truman
Harry S. Truman was the 33rd president who created the President's Committee on Civil Right. For example in page 507, Truman was a very important support to African Americans and had the committee create equal access to education, good housing, and jobs. Laws were passed to benefit for African Americans and against lynching making the Civil Rights Division of Department of Justice more powerful. In conclusion, Harry S. Truman played a significant role in improving their lives. -
Dixiecrat Party Deteriorates
The Dixiecrat Party was formed by southern Democrats that deteriorated after the election Harry S. Truman. According to the text, it states that "Truman beat Thurmond in Georgia and dissolved immediately representing the resistance of southern whites against efforts to improve lives of African Americans." This very statement describes their defiance towards the African Americans. In conclusion, the Dixiecrat party was a group who were against supporting their efforts. -
Brown v. Board of Education
The Board v. Board of Education was a court case concerning the issue of segregated educational facilities. Corresponding to page 509, it states that "the Supreme court declared the "separate-but-equal" doctrine in education unfair." It was made a ruling that this doctrine doesn't affect education based on inherently unequal experience. In conclusion, the court case was a major step in the Civil Rights Mov't by desegregating schools. -
Montgomery Bus Boycott
The Montgomery Bus Boycott was a sit-in protesting against segregated bus and was sparked by the arrest of Rosa Parks. Based by the text in 510, the sit-in was a form of protest in the form of non-violence based on methods by African American leader Martin Luther King Jr. The boycott leaders protested and directed it by identifying the changes they wanted. In short, the boycott was a protest against segregated buses. -
Southern Manifesto
The Southern Manifesto was a signed document created my southern members of the Congress. Found in page 509, it states "that by signing the document, they indicate their support for the right to resist forced integration." This document was vowed to find a legal way to reverse the ruling and fight against the decision therefore keeping segregated schools. In conclusion, the document represented the resistance towards the court case ruling. -
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
The SCLC was an organization formed by ministers and civil rights leaders in Atlanta. Apparent in the text of 511, the SCLC and civil rights leaders began coordinating nonviolent protests across the South. They believed that nonviolent action was the best way to confront racism and segregation in the South. In short, the SCLC was formed to correspond towards nonviolent protests. -
Little Rock, Arkansas
The Little Rock, Arkansas is a location where the federal government ensures a complete integrated school. In accordance to page 511, They escorted nine African Americans student in enrolling at Central High School to achieve this, but resisted by Faubus after even meeting with the President. The escorts were then made accordingly to show that federal government will ensure that federal law are followed. In short, Little Rock, Arkansas was a place of great discontent for federal law. -
Help our Public Education (HOPE)
An organization formed by Atlanta's residents who wanted to keep integrated schools open. Based on 513, business and political leaders in Atlanta opposed letting schools close in order to prevent integration and thought it would ruin the local economy and Atlanta's reputation. Mayor William B. Hartsfield ensured that integration of Atlanta's schools went smoothly and didn't desire the same violence in Little Rock, Arkansas. In short, the organization help put awareness in Atlanta schools. -
Greensboro, North Carolina
Greensboro, North Carolina was another location that resisted federal law. Found in page 511, due to failed desegregation in public facilities, four African American college students began a sit-in in a popular store of Greensboro. As they sit and refused to move until demands were met, they were abused by segregationists as the waitress refused to serve them. In short, Greensboro, North Carolina was the sit-in of 4 brave African Americans inspiring others to do the same. -
Sibley Commission
The Sibley Commission was a Georgia legislature organization that gather public opinion on integration. For example, the organization gathered 60% as total segregation and resistance, but responded with recommendation towards the cause. It announced that state leaders to pass legislations that would allow for enough integration to please federal lawmakers while preserving most segregation. In short, the Sibley Commission put them into a choice where both decisions benefited African Americans. -
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
The SNCC was group formed by young African Americans students in Atlanta willing to participate in the mov't despite abuse. According to the text, Martin Luther King Jr. inspired that younger protesters to participate and created their own division in the mov't. Younger members were more radical than elders leading to their belief that they have an effect on the mov't too. In short, the group was formed and inspired by King Jr. sparking a new organization in efforts towards integration. -
Charlayne Hunter and Hamilton Holmes
Charlayne Hunter and Hamilton Holmes were African American students from Atlanta whom attempted to enroll in the University of Georgia. According to page 513, "they continued to apply for admission each quarter, and their lawyers challenged the admissions decision in court." It was then ruled that by the federal court that they were more than qualified to join. In short, Hunter and Holmes were strong people who gained entree to college through their efforts. -
The Albany Movement
The Albany movement was a desegregation coalition where they planned to use all means of nonviolent resistance at once. Apparent in 516, the protestors were arrested and a negotiation was made that if the march stopped their demands would be met. Unluckily, the city did release their demonstrators, but did not meet their demands indicating the failure to accomplish their goal. In short, the Albany movement a notion that taught a valuable lesson to protest leaders. -
Birmingham
Birmingham was a major factor in ending discrimination on a large scale. In 516, due to the city's cruel violence, they were able to open the view of Americans of the horror and spurred public sentiment in support of equal rights in the United States and throughout the world. Eventually, their efforts had got through desegregating public facilities. In short, Birmingham was a place of series of nonviolent action in order to desegregate facilities in Birmingham. -
March On Washington
March on Washington was a march organized by Civil rights leaders to demonstrate support and commitment for the bill. According to page 517, they gathered on Lincoln Memorial to demonstrate their effort and tactics of nonviolence. On the same day, the "I have a dream" speech was passed and became the belief of the American society. In short, the March on Washington demonstrated a strong effort of change in society including the release of the "I have a dream" speech. -
Civil Rights Act of 1964
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was a bill that outlawed segregation in public facilities and banned discrimination in employment. For example, it prohibited giving federal money to those who discriminated and enable enforcement in voting, employment, and public facilities. This bill helped African Americans by creating the desired changes to society. In short, the bill has outlawed segregation and discrimination of "people of color". -
The Selma March
The Selma march was an organized voter registration drive in Selma, Alabama hosted by Martin Luther King Jr. According to the text, as hundreds of African Americans tried to vote, they were abused though it didn't stop Martin Luther King Jr.'s efforts. Martin continued to push on towards the state capitol in Montgomery in order to gain national attention and support, but resulted into a large assault of police brutality. The federal government later took action escorting the marchers. -
The Selma March Cont.
The march resumed on in March 21, towards the capitol and was later announced that President Johnson used the public reaction to push for legislation on voting rights. In short the Selma March placed a political role in voting rights in Selma and Montgomery, Alabama. -
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC)
The EEOC is a group organized according to the Civil Rights Act of 1964 to ensure the federal law is followed. Found in 518, the group is considered as a government agency that served as watchdogs for discrimination. They would stop discrimination in employment based on race, religion, gender, color, national origin, age, or disability to ensure the bill is followed. In short, the group was made to follow the bill's will. -
Voting Rights Act of 1965
The Voting Rights Act of 1965 was an act that made it illegal for states to tactics that prevent African Americans from voting. In accordance to page 519, this act made a huge political difference where in 1969 about 61% of African Americans had registered to vote. This gave African Americans enough political power to elect several black representatives to the Georgia House of Representatives including Grace Towns Hamilton. In short, this act had given complete equal rights for voting to them. -
The Black Panther Party
The Black Panther Party was an organization that preached the use of violence. For example in page 520, they defend the black community from police brutality and abused of others. They also strived to achieve freedom and equality with their own methods. In short, the Black Panther Party is another party that defended black communities in changed of different methods. -
Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. and the End of the Movement.
Martin Luther King Jr. was assassinated by James Earl Ray in Memphis Tennessee at the age of 39. In the text of 521, people of kind across the nation mourned his death as it was the loss of a great leader. This very death had lead to the end to the Civil Rights Movement and the success if true integration that Martin Luther King Jr. had dreamed for. In short, Martin Luther King Jr. was such a great leader that his death and ended the movement.
