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read before going on to timeline
all picture links are in parentheses, and most of the pictures will be in the 2nd part of an event -
White Primaries abolished in Georgia (2)
no racial discrimination in voting. In the case United States v. Reese, the Supreme court said that he 15th amendment did not confer the right of suffrage upon anyone. Afterward, the states used many of the Jim Crow Laws including the poll tax and literacy test to try to stop blacks from voting. While it did keep many blacks from voting, it also kept many white people from voting. Eventually in Smith v Allwright, the court ruled white primaries violated the 15th amendment, and got rid of it. -
White Primaries abolished in Georgia (link)
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White Primaries abolished in Georgia (1)
The White Primary was a device to keep African-Americans from voting after the Civil War, It was basically a way to limit the African-Americans part in political events, in this case voting. The Blacks were not allowed to vote in the primary elections, but were allowed to vote in the General elections. But since Georgia is a one-party state, most of the primary elections were the primary elections, so the blacks took part in some of the elections. The 15th amendment stated that there was to be -
Integration of Armed Forces
The integration of Armed Forces was an Executive Order by Harry S. Truman in 1948. Because it was an Executive Order, it didn't have to go through Congress. What this Order did is stopped segregation in the Armed Forces. Later in another Executive Order by Truman, it let all races and religions be in the armed forces. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Order_9981
(http://www.trumanlibrary.org/whistlestop/study_collections/desegregation/large/index.php?action=chronology) -
Brown vs Board of Education (1)
The Brown vs Board of education was a decision of the Supreme court that ruled the state laws of segregating schools unconstitutional. Ealier in history the Plessy vs Ferguson case segregated schools and said it was "seperate but equal". The Brown v. Board of Education overturned Plessy v. Ferguson. in 1954, the supreme court vote was 9-0, because they said that "Seperate educational facilities facilities are inherently unequal". Eventually it was ruled that it was violating the 14th Amendment, -
Brown vs. Board of Education (2)
the Equal protection clause, and the U.S Constitution.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education
(http://umfmarcy.wikispaces.com/Brown+vs+Board) -
Rosa Parks and the Montgomery bus Boycott (1)
in 1955, there was a Boycott on the segregation of public transportation systems. It all started when a black woman named Rosa Parks wouldn't give up her seat on a public bus to a white man. The white man's name was James F. Blake, and he called the police on Rosa and had her arrested. This event made many people upset, so they started a boycott on public transportation. This caused huge financial problems for the public transit systems in Montgomery. The event ended in 1956 when the case -
Rosa Parks and the Montgomery Bus Boycott (2)
ended in 1956 when the Federal decision, Bowder v. Gayle, went to the Supreme Court and was declared that the Montgomery public transit segregation laws were unconstitutional, and there were no more segregated public transit systems
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgomery_Bus_Boycott
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa_Parks) -
Change of the Georgia state flag (2)
and the citizens of Georiga wanted a change in it. The city officials started to refuse to raise the flag. Later when the olympic games came around in Atlanta in 1996, the government really needed to change the flag. They didn't change it before the olympics, but changed it 2 years later.
http://tw0.us/SA
(http://www.basisdesign.com/2010/07/the-georgia-state-flag/) -
Change to Georiga's state flag
In 1956, a change to the state flag was introduced by John Sammons Bell, an Atlanta Attorney, Jefferson Lee Davis and Willis Harden, both State senators. Many of the Legislators liked the flag to mark the Centennial of the Civil War, and others liked it because it showed that Georiga was resisting the school Integration. The flag looked almost the same as the last one, except where there were red and white stripes, there was a Confederate battle flag. The new flag brought up a lot of controversy -
Crisis at Central High School and the "Little Rock Nine"
After the Brown v. Board of Education, Central High in Topeka, Kansas, let their first black students into the school. These 9 students were called the Litte Rock nine. These 9 students were treated poorly at Central High, and eventually had to be escorted to the school by the U.S. Army. The Little
Rock nine consisted of Ernest Green, Elizabeth Eckford, Jefferson Thomas, Terrence Roberts, Carlota LaNier, Minnijean Brown, Gloria Karlmark, Thelma Mothershed, and Melba Beals. -
Crisis at Central High School and the "Little Rock Nine" (link)
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Bombing of the Hebrew Benevolent Congregation temple
On October 2nd, 1958, the Hebrew Benevolent Congregation temple was bombed and General Gordon from the Confederate Underground took the blame for it. He said that Jews and blacks were now considered aliens, and if the nightclubs didn’t fire their black employees, he would blow up those buildings too. He targeted the temple because the Rabii was a friend of MLK. Luckily, nobody got hurt because the temple was empty. http://jwa.org/media/temple-bombing-atlanta-georgia
(http://tw0.us/VL) -
The Sibley Commision (2)
just close the entire public school system, or to allow desegregation. Griffin Bell, the attorney general of the U.S had the idea put that decision in the citizen’s hands, and let them choose. The Commission was led by John Sibley. The commission was made to find out the problem of school integration. When the asked the citizens, most of them said they would rather have the schools close than to have them integrated. http://tw0.us/Ti (http://tw0.us/WD) -
The Sibley Commission (1)
The Sibley Commission started when U.S district judge ordered Atlanta’s segregated schools to be integrated. He gave the state authorities one year to make a desegregation plan. If the school desegregated, the governor would cut off funding to that school, so they would not be getting any money from the state. The governor had a hard time deciding whether to just close the entire public school system, or to allow desegregation. Griffin Bell, the attorney general of the U.S had the idea put that -
Integration of the University of Georgia (2)
caused significant damage there. It also gave UGA bad publicity. After the riot, the Georgia state officials repealed the laws of the government support of integrated schools. http://crdl.usg.edu/events/uga_integration/?Welcome
(http://georgiainfo.galileo.usg.edu/tdgh-jan/jan11.htm) -
Integration of the University of Georgia (1)
On January 6th, 1961, Hamilton Holmes and Charlayne Hunter were admitted into the University of Georgia by Federal court judge W.A. Bootle. This caused a crisis for all the Georgia state legislators because they said if the school integrated, they would cut off all state funds. Everything was normal in the University until January 11th, 5 days later, when an angry mob came out by Charlayne Hunter’s dorm, and caused significant damage there. It also gave UGA bad publicity. -
Freedom Rides (1)
The Freedom Rides consisted of people called the Freedom Riders and civil right activists who got on buses in non-segregated parts of the U.S and rode them into the segregated parts of the south to test the U.S Supreme Court decisions. Some rides were testing the local laws of the state they were riding into. Angry mobs of people would beat the Freedom Riders, and even killed some. Many of the riders got arrested for trespassing, and for violating the Jim Crow laws. The police even let mobs of -
Freedom Rides (2)
of white men attack the riders, without even trying to stop them. In the worst cases, the police even cooperated with the Ku Klux Klan and let them attack the black Freedom Riders. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_riders
(http://www.siena.edu/pages/179.asp?item=252127) -
The Albany Movement (1)
The Albany movement was a desegregation group found in Albany, Georgia. Many organizations were involved in this movement, including the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). William G. Anderson was the leader of this movement, and in December, Martin Luther King Jr. got involved. This movement attracted a lot of attention, but failed because of an opposition. All the buses, water fountains, libraries and lunch counters were being crowded by blacks -
The Albany Movement (2)
and there were boycotts everywhere. Mass arrests happened to try to stop the Albany Movement. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany_Movement
(http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Multimedia.jsp?id=m-10017) -
The Birmingham Protests (1)
The Birmingham protests were a protest show the unequal treatment of blacks in the south. Martin Luther King led the organizers, and used non-violent protest to try to convince the officials that the blacks were getting treated unfairly. The protests were formed by the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). Not every demonstrator was peaceful like King. They sometimes tried to fight the police and bystanders, and the demonstrators were beaten by mobs, sprayed with high pressure fire -
The Birmingham Protests (2)
hoses, attacked by dogs, and arrested. Martin Luther King Jr. and the SCLC got in trouble for putting children in harm’s way during the protest. When the campaign ended, all the Jim Crow signs in Birmingham came down, and public areas became less segregated, and more open to blacks. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_campaign
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_campaign) -
March on Washington
The reason for the March on Washington was to protest about freedom and jobs. There was no exact number, but an estimation of 250,000 people came to the March, and about 63,000 were white. President Kennedy did not support the march, because he thought that if it happened, the Legislature would vote against civil rights, because they might think it’s a threat. The march consisted of 6 different civil rights groups. The Congress of Racial Equality, the Southern Christian Leadership Conference -
March on Washington (2)
, the Student Nonviolent coordinating committee, the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, the National Association or the Advancement of Colored People, and the National Urban League. Many of the more specific reasons included no more public school segregation, protection for demonstrators against police brutality, and a $2.00 minimum wage. http://www.infoplease.com/spot/marchonwashington.html
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:View_of_Crowd_at_1963_March_on_Washington.jpg) -
Bombing of 16th street Bapstist Church (2)
This particular church was targeted because it was an African-American only church, and the KKK wanted to get rid of as many blacks as they could. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16th_Street_Baptist_Church_bombing
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16th_Street_Baptist_Church_bombing) -
Bombing of the 16th street baptist church
On September 15th, 1963, 16th Street Baptist Church was bombed early in the morning when the African-American attenders were there. The explosion killed 4 young girls, Addie Mae Collins, Cynthia Wesley, Carole Robertson, and Denise McNair. This was a turning point in the civil right movement, and helped convince the court to agree with the Civil Rights act in 1964. The United Klans of America, one of the many Ku Klux Klan groups planted the dynamite under the stairs of the church. -
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Assassination of JFK
John F. Kennedy was assassinated at 12:30 P.M on November 22, 1963. The convicted murderer of Kennedy was Lee Harvey Oswald. Kennedy was shot while riding in the backseat of a motorcade in Dealey plaza in Dallas. When JFK was rushed to Parkland hospital, efforts to keep him alive failed, and his body was flown back to Washington on the Air Force One, which is also the place where his VP, Lyndon Johnson was sworn into presidency. Lee Harvey Oswald was killed before his trial started, by Jack Ruby -
Civil Rights Act passed
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was an act that outlawed almost all of the discrimination of African-Americans and women. One of the forms included racial segregation. So now, for example, bathrooms and lunch tables would not be segregated. It also ended the racial requirements to vote. So this meant that all African-Americans could vote with no restriction but their age. The act was signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson and was enacted July 2nd. This act was to give all citizens equal protection -
Civil rights Act passed (2)
This act was to give all citizens equal protection from the laws of the 14th amendment. Overall this largely benefitted the African Americans, and many whites didn’t support it. But, this act helped form our country to what it is today, and was one of the most important events in American History. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964) -
Voting rights act passed
The Voting Rights Act stopped all discriminatory voting across the U.S. It was signed by Lyndon B. Johnson and enacted on August 6th, 1965. This act followed the 15th amendment, saying that you can’t deny a person’s right to vote based on their color, race. The act created federal oversight on all of the elections to make sure there were no more blacks getting left out of voting because of the grandfather, or if they couldn’t read. The Federal oversights watched out for the loopholes -
Voting rights act passed (2)
that the white supremacists would try to find to stop African-American voters. Sure, there may have been some loopholes in the law, but the government wanted to get the people to understand that every citizen needed to have equal rights, and that they should get to do equal things, and participate in equal events. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act
(http://www.crmvet.org/vra/vrahome.htm) -
Summerhill Riot
The Summerhill race riot started when the SNCC were accused of police brutality. The riot resulted in the death of one man, and the injury of 20 other people. It showed the frustration in the lower class black citizens despite the fact that the government passed all these acts to try and help them. Soon, the Mayor of Summerhill went to that area and worked with the rioters and the police in that area to clear things up. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summerhill_(Atlanta)
(http://tw0.us/Y7) -
MLK assassinated
On April 4th, 1968, Martin Luther King Jr. was assassinated in Lorraine motel in Memphis. James Earl Ray was arrested for the murder in London. MLK was standing on his balcony of his motel room in Memphis when the sniper took the deadly shot. Atlanta reacted much differently to his assassination, because he was from Georgia. The governor of Georgia refused to lower the flag in his honor because he thought it may cause fighting and riots. The flag was eventually lowered because the government -
MLK assassinated (2)
told him it was mandatory. Robert F. Kennedy had a speech about the death of MLK on his presidential campaign, and spoke at Ball State University, and the University of Notre Dame, and eventually, to the neighborhood that MLK was shot. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Martin_Luther_King,_Jr.
(http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:James_Earl_Ray_poster.jpg) -
All GA schools integrated
The integration of all schools in Georgia was very slow, and did not all happen in 1971. It actually began in 1961. It took so long because the way they did it was one grade at a time. Started at the bottom, and made its way up. This process was hard for some black students because like the Little Rock Nine, they would get harassed and sometimes beaten when they were just trying to get a good education. http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-2716
(http://tw0.us/YB)
