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Plessy vs. Ferguson
decision by the U.S. Supreme Court that confirmed the principle of "seperate but equal" and minority segregation -
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African American
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Women
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Only one out of three women had worked fo wages
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Native Americans
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Eisenhower administration enacted a termination policy designed to relocate Native Americans from reservations to mainstream urban American life- it failed
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Brown vs. Board of Education
made segregated schools unconstitutional -
Little Rock Nine
Nine African-American students enroll in Little Rock Central Highschool which students were initially prevent from entering the racially segregated school by Governer -
SCLC
Southern Christian Leadership Conference, organization for African-American rights -
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Mexican Amercian
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After Fidel Castro overthrows Cuba's dictator, hundreds of thousands of Cubans fled to the U.S.
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Latino population in U.S. grew from 3 to 9 million
1960's -
More than 40% of women had jobs outside the home, women made up 1/3 of workforce
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Feminism- belief that women should have economic, political, and social equality
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Dejure Segregation
forced by law to be segregated -
De Facto Segregation
in practice but not necessarily ordained by law -
Freedom Riders
Freedom Rights activists who tested the court by riding interstate buses -
Representatives from 67 Native American groups met and drafted the Declatation of Indian Purpose, this would allow them to "choose our own way of life"
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President Kennedy's Presidential Commission on the Status of Women reported that women were paid far less than men, even when doing the same jobs
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Henry Gonzalez was the 1st Mexican American to serve in congress (texas)
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Cesar Chavez and Colores Huerta found National Farm Workers Association
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Mexican American Political Association (MAPA) helped Edward Roybal get elected to House of Representatives in Los Angeles making him 2nd Mexican American in Congress
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Bretty Friedan published The Feminine Mystique, it captured the discontent that women were feeling
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Federal Alliance of land Grants formed to help reclaim U.S. land taken from Mexican American land holders in the 19th century
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Freedom Summer
Voting regestration for African-Americans in Mississippi -
Malcolm X
leader of African-Americans used violence and Islamic religion to get freedom -
Selma March
Was a march to get voting rights for African-Americans -
Voting Act of 1965
getting African-Americans registration to vote -
President Johnson includes Native Americans in his Great Society program and established the National Council on Indian Opportunity to "ensure that programs reflect the needs and desires of the Indian people"
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Cesar Chavez went on a 3-week fast and lost 35 pounds to get supermarkets and shoppers to not buy California grapes
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National Organization for Women formed
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Black Panters
Leftist origanization of African-American revolutionists in U.S. -
National Farm Workers Association merges with Filipino argricultural Union to form United Farm Workers Organizing Committee
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Montgomery Boycott Buses
Rosa Parks refuses to remove seat for awhite person and black comunity lauched boycott -
Kerner Comission
investigate the cause of race riots in United States -
The Brown Berets organize walk outs, 15,000 Mexican American high school students in East L.A. boycott classes
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Native American activists found the American Indian Movement
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Women across the country were coming together to work for change
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Civil Rights Act of 1968
prohibiting descrimination in the sale, rental, and financing of housing -
Martin Luther King, Jr
major civil rights leader and never used violence. Famous speech "I have a Dream" -
MLK Assassination
MLK is shot and died at motel in Memphis, Tennessee -
The American Indian Movement begins (AIM), it began as a self defense group against police brutality
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Congress enacted the Bilingual Education act, which provided funds for schools to develop bilingual and cultural heritage programs for non-english speaking children
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Women held only 3.5% of elected state offices
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Militants calling themselves Indians of all Tribes seized Alcatraz Island- the federal prison island
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Political Party La Raza Unida is formed (the United People Party)
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Congress passes Equal Rights Amendment
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By this time women were preparing themselves for "lifetime careers"
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32 million women work in the workforce
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Women were earning the wage of $2,237 while men were earning $6,670
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The Taos of New Mexico regained possession of Blue Lake
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Grape boycott after grape companies refused to recongnize the union-peaceful boycott- they believed in MLK Jr.'s approach
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Gloria Steinem helped found the National Women's Political Caucus, a moderate group that encouraged women to seek political office
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The Aleut and Inuit tribes of Alaska pass the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act of 1971, it gave 40 million acres and paid out over $962 million to native peoples
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Congress passed a ban on gender discrimination in "any education program or activities receiving federal fiancial ssistance"
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Congress passes the Equal Rights Amendment
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Phyllis Schlafly founded and became national chairman of the Stop-ERA campaign
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AIM leader Russel Means organized a march known as Trail of Broken Treaties in Washington D.C. to protest how the government has treated Native Americans throughout history
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Congress passes the Education Assistance Act
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Roe v. Wade passes, allows women the right to choose an abortion during the first three months of pregnancy
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The number of women in Congress also has increased from 19 in 1975 to 60 in 1997
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Native Americans stage protest at Wounded Knee, South Dakota, congress passes Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act
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Congress passes the Indian Education Act and Self Determination Act
These acts gave tribes the ability to have greater control over affairs and education. -
Stokley Carmichael
Used term "Black Power" to help black activists