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Mao's first visit to Moscow
within weeks of taking power in 1949 , he visited Moscow . But Joseph Stalin was a difficult alley. For three days, he did not even acknowledge Mao’s presence in Moscow . Finally, he gave the Chinese limited aid and agreed to a defense treaty. On his return to Beijing , Mao addressed his colleagues. -
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Suppression of counter-revolutionaries
• Mao’s execution quota: 0.1%
• Local officials overshot: 0.15-0.2%
• Mao: “We killed 700,000, arrested 1.2 mil” 當時中國有7億人
目的是为了肃清社会上国民党残余，特工，土匪势力，从而鞏固新生的政权，并稳定社会秩序。毛泽东认为：华东地区多数都是用比较和平的方法分配土地的，匪首恶霸特务杀得太少。 -
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Land reform
土地改革运动是1950年代中华人民共和国建立初期在新解放区进行的土地改革[1] 。这次土地改革是中国共产党在第二次國共內戰时期对老解放区土地改革的继续，基本完成了全国范围内的土改。土地改革运动将地主阶级的土地没收后，分配给无地少地的农民，目的是将土地所有制改变为农民的土地所有制，提高农业生产力，为中国的迅速工业化作准备[2][3]。至1953年，除新疆、西藏等部分少数民族地区，中国大陆大部分地区的土地改革基本完成，3亿多无地或少地的农民无偿分得约7亿亩土地及生产资料，并每年免除地租3000万吨粮食。 -
Truman’s “Hands-off” Policy
president Truman: disengagement of Taiwan issue
“The United States has no predatory designs on Formosa, or on any other
Chinese territory. The United States has no desire to obtain special rights or privileges,
or to establish military bases on Formosa at this time.
• “Similarly, the United States Government will not provide military aid or
advice to Chinese forces on Formosa.
MacArthur and Dean Acheson: “defensive perimeter” in the Pacific
不包括南韩和台湾 -
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Korean War
In June 1950 , North Korea invaded South Korea. America was outraged and called for immediate action. The United Nation sent troops from 15 countries to defend South Korea. They were lead by the American General, Douglas MacArthur . After months of hard fighting, the UN forces push the North Korean army out of the South. In October , they reached the North Korean capital Pyongyang .
By the spring of 1951 , the war was a grim stalemate. Both sides were dug in around the 38th parallel separating -
Truman’s “Neutralization” statement
The determination of the future status of Formosa must await the restoration of security in the Pacific, a peace settlement with Japan, or consideration by the United Nations. -
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The First Five Year Plan
“一五”计划实施中存在的主要问题，一是农业生产跟不上工业生产的步伐，以工业总产值占农业总产值70%和工业总产值中生产资料占60%作为实现国家工业化的重要标志之一，在某种程度上忽视了农业的发展。二是1956年出现全局性的冒进，基本建设投资总额147.35亿元，比上年增长70%，高于1953、1954两年的投资额，基本建设贷款占财政支出的比重由上年的30.2%猛增到48%，造成国家财政紧张。三是社会主义改造过急过快，为以后相当长时间留下后遗症。 -
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Cooperatives
In 1953 , the communists began to socialize agriculture. First, they encouraged families to prove their property in small farms called cooperatives. People's life is better. By the end of 1955 , almost two-thirds of the peasants had joined. -
Stalin died
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Khrushchev’s gift
156 Major industrial projects
• To return Port Arthur and Dalian early
• Military and financial aid
1954. Mao asked for nuclear technology.
The Soviet Union began to provide nuclear technology sometime between 1956 to 1966. -
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Soviet experts in China
18,000 experts in 12 years -
Nikita Khrushchev's "Secret Speech"
Nikita Khrushchev denounced the personality cult and dictatorship of Joseph Stalin -
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百花齐放 百家争鸣
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Poland October 1956
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Hungarian Revolution of 1956
a spontaneous nationwide revolt against the government of the People's Republic of Hungary and its Soviet-imposed policies, lasting from 23 October until 10 November 1956. It was the first major threat to Soviet control since the USSR's forces drove out the Nazis at the end of World War II and occupied Eastern Europe. Despite the failure of the uprising, it was highly influential, and came to play a role in the downfall of the Soviet Union decades later.
Soviet Union tanks are sent to Hungary. -
Anti- Rightist Campaign
between 500,000 to 1 million people, mostly teachers, were labeled as rightists and deported to forced labor camps where many died of startvation.
10% of the people are rightists. Mao appoint Deng Xiaoping -
Mao's 2nd visit to Moscow
40th anniversary of the Bolshevik Revolution;
the Soviet promised to give China "a sample of an atomic bomb and technical data concerning its manufacure"
"We should not be afraid of the atomic war".Mao
Kruchshev: economic development would surpass USA in 15 years; Mao took the challege of perceding UK's steering production in the same time period 就中苏两个大党而言，在空前团结的表象之下，却潜伏着某种危机。第一，苏联党极力鼓吹“和平过渡”，而中国党则对此大泼冷水；第二，苏联党要千方百计避免战争，特别是核战争，而中国党的态度是既要争取和平但又不要害怕战争，即使是核战争也用不着怕。 -
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The Great Leap Forward
1958.4: People'c commune
industrialization; backhyard furnaces; crop experiments, etc
discontinued in 1961
military training of peasants; collective nursery
"Every morning the peasants gathered at the entrance to the village and waited for the group leader to allocate the tasks. At the end of the day, the leader shouted, works over, and the peasants went to eat. They weren't motivated and productivity was very low, that was one reason why productivity didn’t increase." -
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The Great Famine
Death toll estimates:
• Cao Shuji: 32.5 million
• Yang Jisheng (Tombstone): 38 million
• Frank Dikotter (Mao’s Great Famine, 2010): at least 45 million- Three worst hit provinces: Sichuan, Henan, Anhui
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Khrushchev's secret visit to Beijing
Mao did not disclose his plan on Jinmen bombardment
Joint- communicuqe denoucing US imperialism -
The second Taiwan Strait Crisis
1958.08.23 Mao’s limited war
• Belligerent rhetoric, cautious actions
• “Only strike the KMT, but not the Americans”
PRC shelled the islands of Quemoy and the nearby Matsu Islands along Taiwan Strait.The United States used the nuclear threat to win the Crisis, as the PRC had yet to gain nuclear power. US policy then became to refuse to acknowledthe PRC and pin her back as much as possible. Also many missile bases were installed, and military bases built in a series of countries surrounding. -
Tibet uprising
Dalai Lama escaped on 17th, March to India. -
Lunshan Conference
Marshal Peng Dehuai was purged and replaced by Lin Biao -
Krushchev visited the USA president Eisenhower
"the communes in China were in essence reactionary institutions without economic incentive"
later travelled to Peking to meet Mao -
Khrushchev’s final visit to China
Khrushchev’s final visit to China
1959.10.04 Khrushchev left China early and in anger -
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Conference of 7000 cadres: Mao lost prestige and power to Liu
Liu Shaoqi quoted peasants’ verdict on the Great Famine:
• “70% man-made disaster, 30% natural disaster.”
• Liu declared the GLF a major failure
• “Agricultural output declined in 1959, 1960, 1961 significantly.
• “Industrial output decline 40% in 1961.
Liu told Mao in private,
• “Historically, cannibalism is recorded in official history. And the reigning emperor
would issue an edict to blame oneself.”
Zhou tried to exculpate Mao, Lin Biao defended Mao -
Sino-Indian Border War
China won small victories but retreated -Nov.21st
The Soviet Union adopted a “neutral” stance, refused to side with its communist “Comrade + Brother” China
• The Soviet Union only expressed “regret”
• à Sino-Soviet split became inevitable -
Sino-Soviet Union border conflict
Damansky Island/Zhenbao Is. 珍寶島衝突 1969.03 -
9th National Congress of the Communist Party of China
中国共产党第九次全国代表大会
The Congress formally ratified the political purge of Liu Shaoqi andDeng Xiaoping, and elevated Mao's radical allies formally to power.Lin Biao delivered the keynote political report at the congress. The report lauded the ideology of "continuous revolution," i.e., that the bourgeoisie continues to attempt capitalist restoration after they have been overthrown from power, and that such attempts should be struck down preemptively. Lin's keynote address was strongly applauded by the -
Liu Shaoqi died
……一九六九年十一月九日。上午，我替病人熬玉米糊糊。不知为什么，心里堵的慌，可什么话都不能说。一五五医院同来的一名女护士向我报告：“刘医生，病人（劉少奇）的体温有了”。我问多少？护士回答：“试了四个多小时，三十九点七度。”“快给他打退烧针！”护士说：“药已经没有了……”“那Ｄ八六○呢？”“您忘了，前天都带回北京了。”护士没有话说了，我也没有话说了。不给药物，叫治病？领又不给，买又不许，这叫什么事？明摆着，明摆着……让人死掉…… -
Lin Biao: plane crush
Mao’s heir apparent Lin Biao fled and died in plane crash
Allegations of Lin’s coup d'état are unfounded -
Zhou Enlai died
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Tian'an Men Square mass protest
Pay homage to Premier Zhou En'lai
April 7th
Deng Xiaoping was removed from all his posts "inside and outside the party";
Hua Guofeng was named first vice-chairman of CCP Central Committee and the premier of the State Council. -
Mao died
Soviet Union placed the news on the bottom of page 3 in Izvestia -
Hua Guofeng ordered to arrest "Gang of Four"
Unit 8341
more and more charges were brought against them. -
Hua Guofeng was named to succeed Mao
still champion the radical program of "learning from Dazhai and Daqing" in agruculture and industry; vague calls with ambitious ten year plan (1978) -
3rd Plenum of the 11th Central Committee of the CCP
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Carter-Deng normalization agreement
US and China establish full diplomatic relations
