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The emperor wasn't interested in the "strange objects" and gadgets the west had.
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12 million Chinese people were addicted to the drug opium.
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China's outdated ships were no match for Britain's steam-powered gunboats.
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After a humiliating defeat, China signed a peace treaty, giving Britain the island of Hong Kong.
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The U.S. and other foreign citizens also gained extraterritorial rights.
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As a result, hunger was widespread.
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Peasants joined rebel forces led by Hong and captured the city of Nanjing, declaring it his capital.