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Witnesses testified that a carpenter named Conrad Saspach had advanced sums to Andreas Dritzehn for the building of a wooden press, and Hans Dünne, a goldsmith, declared that he had sold to Gutenberg, as early as 1436, 100 guilders’ worth of printing materials. Gutenberg, apparently well along the way to completing his invention, was anxious to keep secret the nature of the enterprise.
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Leonardo da Vinci, (born 1452, Anchiano, near Vinci, Republic of Florence [Italy]—died 1519, Cloux, France), Italian painter, draftsman, sculptor, architect, and engineer whose skill and intelligence, epitomized the Renaissance humanist ideal. Da Vinci was in Milan until the city was invaded by the French in 1499. He may have visited Venice before returning to Florence. During his time in Florence, he painted several portraits, but the only one that survives is the famous 'Mona Lisa'. -
By the mid-15th century, constantinople struggles for dominance with its Balkan neighbours and Roman Catholic rivals had diminished Byzantine imperial holdings to Constantinople and the land immediately west of it. -
Isabel of Castilla and Fernando of Aragon were known as the Catholic Kings, a title given to them by a Pope. The reign of the Catholic Kings would mean the transition from the middle ages to modern times. Through their marriage, two crowns were united within the Trastamara dynasty, namely those of Castilla and Aragon, giving way to the Hispanica monarchy.
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Michelangelo was considered the greatest living artist in his lifetime, and ever since then he has been held to be one of the greatest artists of all time. A number of his works in painting, sculpture, and architecture rank among the most famous in existence. Although the frescoes on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel are probably the best known of his works, the artist thought of himself primarily as a sculptor. -
The explorer Christopher Columbus made four trips across the Atlantic Ocean from Spain. He was determined to find a direct water route west from Europe to Asia, but he never did. Instead, he stumbled upon the Americas -
reaty of Tordesillas, agreement between Spain and Portugal aimed at settling conflicts over lands newly discovered or explored by Christopher Columbus and other late 15th-century voyagers.
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Queen of Castilla third daughter of the Catholic Kings, which time Spain became a world power, who never actually ruled due to her own mental instability and the greed for power of her father, husband, and son.
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Charles V, who inherited a Spanish and Habsburg empire extending across Europe from Spain and the Netherlands to Austria and the Kingdom of Naples and reaching overseas to Spanish America.
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Ninety-five Theses, propositions for debate concerned with the question of indulgences, written (in Latin) and possibly posted by Martin Luther on the door of the Schlosskirche, Wittenberg, 1517. This event came to be considered the beginning of the Protestant Reformation.
https://www.luther.de/en/95thesen.html -
John Calvin, (born 1509, Noyon, Picardy, France—died 1564, Geneva, Switzerland), theologian and ecclesiastical statesman. He was the leading French Protestant reformer and the most important figure in the second generation of the Protestant Reformation.
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In 1534, Henry VIII showed his single-mindedness by declaring himself the Supreme Head of the Church of England, passing legislation in Parliament that would come to be known as the first Act of Supremacy. This event itself marked the beginning of the English Reformation, between 1536 and 1541, by which Henry disbanded monasteries, priories, convents and friaries in England, Wales and Ireland.
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Council of Trent, ecumenical council of the Roman Catholic Church,held in three parts. Prompted by the Reformation, the Council of Trent responded emphatically to the issues at hand and enacted the formal Roman Catholic reply challenges of the Protestants. Early calls for reform grew out of criticism of the worldly attitudes and policies of the Renaissance popes and many of the clergy, but there was little significant papal reaction to the Protestants.
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When Charles abdicated his various lands, Philip II succeeded to all his father’s dominions except Germany. His empire in Europe, now without the imperial title, was still only a loose union of independent states recognizing the same head. Philip, a great traditionalist, was not the man to inspire his different subjects with a new unifying idea, though he improved the central administration of his empire by the creation of the Council of Italy.
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Philip II’s very consciousness of his divinely imposed obligations, compounded by his almost pathological suspiciousness of the intentions and ambitions of other men, had led him to deprecate independent initiative by his ministers. He thus failed to educate an effective ruling class with a tradition of statesmanlike thinking and decision making.
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He succeeded his father, Philip III of Spain, for the first 22 years of his reign, Philip’s valido, or chief minister, was the Conde-Duque de Olivares, who took the spread of the Thirty Years’ War as an opportunity not only for resuming hostilities against the Dutch at the end of the Twelve Years’ Truce of 1609 but also for an ambitious attempt to restore Spanish hegemony in Europe, in close alliance with the imperial branch of the Habsburg dynasty.
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Diego Velázquez, (born 1599, Sevilla, Spain—died 1660, Madrid), the most important Spanish painter of the 17th century, a giant of Western art. He developed from a master of faithful likeness visual impression unique in his time. With brilliant diversity of brushstrokes and subtle harmonies of colour, he achieved effects of form and texture, space, light, and atmosphere that make him the chief forerunner of 19th-century French Impressionism.
He finished "Las Meninas" in 1656. -
Carlos II’s reign is particularly important for the field of queenship and thus court studies. The Spanish Habsburg court has provided from its beginnings a visible institutional space for queens and women to exercise political influence. The Habsburgs established women’s legitimate political authority in the laws of succession, the traditions of naming women as tutors and regents, and in the queen’s royal household, which enjoyed an independent juridical status in the Spanish court.
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Carlos ll´s death in 1700 without descendants marked a major historical event: it brought a new ruling dynasty to Spain — the Bourbons — and triggered a new order in the European and global stages that consolidated at the conclusion of the War of the Spanish Succession.
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14629712.2018.1539458 -
The French Revolution had causes why it was by far the most violent and the most universally significant. The feudal regime had been weakened had already disappeared in parts of Europe.The increasingly numerous of wealthy bourgeoisie aspired to political power in where it did not already possess it.The peasants, had improved living and education and wanted to get rid of the last vestiges of feudalism so as to acquire the full rights of landowners and to be free to increase their holdings.