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Robert Hooke coined the term "Cells" and Anton Van Leeuwenhoek observered the first microorginisms with a microscope
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He discovered the laws of inheritence that allowed someone to predict the outcome of crosses with certain traits using pea plants
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He described the scientific basis for fermentation, wine making, and the brewing of beer, establsihed the science of microbiology
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found nucleic acid in white blood cells from pus in bandages
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Discoreverd genes were on chromosomes
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Fred griffith used mice to prove gentic material could be moved and Sir Alexendar Fleming isolated penicillin from a fungus
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showed that in DNA the number of units of adenine equaled the number of thymine and the number of cytosine equaled those of guanine
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They proposed "One Gene produces one enzyme" hypothosis
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Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilikins established that DNA was double helix. Watson and Crick discovered its structure. Hayes discorvered plasmid DNA
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discovered the mechanism of gene expression through study of messanger RNA
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discorevered bacterial restriction enzymes that cut DNA
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discovered the 64 codons that code for the amino acids making up proteins
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DNA plasmids were isolated and purified
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they were respnsible for the first transformation of the bacturirm Escherichilia coli
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Cloning experminets
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first genetic engineering company was founded
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140 scientists drew up guidlines for work with recombiant DNA in micororganims. Paul Berg was a key organizer
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Sanger and Gilbert found a way to sequence DNA
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inserted a synthetic insulin gene into E.coli
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discovered the DNA fingerprint
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the first human baby resulting from in vitro fertilization, in which sperm and egg are joined in a petri dish
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ruled that gentically altered life forms can be patented and ohio scientists made the first transgenic animals
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Eli Lilly comapny placed a human insulin gene inside bacteria
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Schell, Chilton, Van Montagu, Fraley, and Horsch transformed pklants with agrobactruim-mediated gene transfer
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invented polymerase chain reaction to amplify DNA in the lab
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applied RFLP in DNA profling to the study of criminal cases
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was invented, speeding up the labor-intense process
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genes were moved into an organism through use of a gene gun
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they revised safety guidlines for recombinat DNA
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discovered RNA interfence
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used monoclonal antibody technology
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Maynard Olson and colleagues at Washington University invented yeast artificial chromosomes which are expression vectors for large proteins
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cloned dolly the sheep from an adult cell of a ewe at the Roslin instute in scotland
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DNA microarrary technology was delelvoped
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invented an automated DNA sequencer that had a capicatity of sequencing 76,800 base pairs per hour
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coined the term riboswitch for part of an mRNA molecule that can regulate its own activity and therefore gene expression
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it was completed by Francis Collins and Craig Venter
